overshiftとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (noun) IPA^(key): /ˈəʊvə(ɹ)ˌʃɪft/
• (verb) IPA^(key): /ˌəʊvə(ɹ)ˈʃɪft/

名詞

overshift (複数形 overshifts)

1. (sports) The strategy or act of positioning defensive players extra far toward the offense's strong side, leaving portions of the field or court undefended.
   • 1975, William Albert Healey & Joseph W. Hartley, Basketball's ten greatest defenses, page 24:

     The chart, representing two players, shows how the overshift principle forces the offensive player to traverse a greater distance than the defensive player who is guarding him.

   • 1977, Coach and Athlete - Volume 40, page 28:

     By using the overshift, you can also develop a good stunting game that will not leave you wide open in case of fullback traps or even option plays.

   • 2011, Evander Lomke & Martin Rowe, Right Off the Bat: Baseball, Cricket, Literature, & Life, →ISBN, page 61:

     The overshift works well against left-handed hitters who pull the ball farthest to the right.

2. (mineralogy) The amount of displacement in the layers in a crystal lattice that places the layers too far apart for molecular bonding.
   • 1983, Leslie Michaels, Seymour S. Chissick, & R. Derricott, Asbestos, properties, applications, and hazards, →ISBN, page 114:

     The protruding basal oxygens are themselves displaced slightly in the x-direction so that the shift required is either 0.4 + δÅ (overshift) or 0.4 -δ Å (undershift).

   • 1988, Sturges W. Bailey, Reviews in Mineralogy - Volume 19, page 105:

     In the structure of chrysotile 2M_c1 illustrated in Figure 7.6 is approximately 0.1 Å, and so overshift is 0.5 Å and the undershift is 0.3 Å, occurring in successive layers to produce a two-layer unit cell with B = 93.3°.

   • 1997, Robert Andrew Howie & J. Zussman, Rock-forming minerals - Volume 3, Part 1, →ISBN, page 288:

     These large overshifts increase the value of the monoclinic β angle over the ideal value by 1-2° in muscovite-IM.

3. (mechanical engineering) A misalignment resulting from shifting gears too far.
   • 1971, Chilton's Auto Repair Manual, 1940-1953, page 624:

     Back off second speed, overshift stop screw slightly, and determine that speed poppet is seated in notch. Tighten screw to permit a very slight overshift of lever to rear.

   • 1982, Eugene A. Sloane, Eugene A. Sloane's bicycle maintenance manual, page 88:

     One other derailleur problem I should mention is that of chain overshift or overshooting the gear you select.

   • 2010, Todd Downs, The Bicycling Guide to Complete Bicycle Maintenance & Repair, →ISBN, page 52:

     Damaging chain overshifts from misadjusted derailleurs can occur after wheel swaps, but they're avoidable.

4. A change that results in something being moved too far or too many things being moved.
   • 1985, World Bank Staff Working Paper, →ISBN, page 95:

     Free migration would result in an overshift of population into urban areas and probably an overshift out of interior regions.

   • 1989, Eung-Do Cook & Keren D. Rice, Athapaskan Linguistics: Current Perspectives on a Language Family, →ISBN:

     These exceptional vowel qualities represent overshifts and nonshifts, and they are very consistently maintained in the local dialects.

   • 2015, Suzanne Tink Martin & Mary Kessler, Neurologic Interventions for Physical Therapy, →ISBN, page 354:

     She initiates the pattern with pelvic elevation and a strong overshift of her trunk to the left as she circumducts and lifts her leg with knee extension.

5. A work period that extends significantly beyond the normal eight-hour shift; An instance of involuntary overtime.
   • 1895, Engineering and Mining Journal - Volume 59, page 562:

     Only two overshifts at the outside can be required in one week; and the regular working period must not be increased by more than two hours.

   • 1920, The Century - Volume 100, page 256:

     After the revolution, the coming into power of the Socialists, as the only compact and organized party, raised very extravagant hopes with all workmen, and one of the first acts of the new men was the introduction of a maximum working day of eight hours, with prohibition of overshifts.

   • 1978, Seven Shifts, page 60:

     It made a seven-day week, without rest except at night. Also, it often fell out that we had to work "overshifts", that is, work from Tuesday morning with no break except for meals, till Wednesday night.

6. (geology) An overhang caused by seismic shift.
   • 1989, Charles Alan Kircher & Anil K. Chopra, Seismic engineering, research and practice:

     ... the area has neotectonic characteristics : stiff carbonatic rocks are thrusted and folded each over the other originating inverse faults and overshifts.

7. An unfitted woman's overgarment.
   • 2011, Tanya Huff, Nights of the Round Table: And Other Stories of Heroic Fantasy, →ISBN:

     The two slaves who dressed her hurried forward, one with the nearly translucent overshift, the other with the heavy collar of onyx and gold that held it in place.

動詞

overshift (三人称単数 現在形 overshifts, 現在分詞 overshifting, 過去形および過去分詞形 overshifted)

1. (sports) To position defensive players too far in a particular direction.
   • 1962, David M. Nelson, Football; Principles and Play, page 39:

     In addition, overshifting to one side and undershifting to the other may be used as a defensive plan to meet personnel or field problems.

   • 1973, Richard W. Harvey, Coaching Basketball's Multiple Set Zone Offense, page 123:

     At times the defense will overshift because of anxiousness, aggressiveness, or anticipation. Emphasis on the passing option available will diagnose in what position and situation on the floor that the defense has a tendency to overshift.

   • 2014, Vince Lombardi, Run to Daylight!, →ISBN:

     On the screen we have seen Detroit shift to a Frisco defense, in which they overshift the two tackles and the end toward our flanker.

2. (mechanical engineering) To overshoot when changing gears.
   • 1905, Specifications and Drawings of Patents Issued from the United States Patent Office for January 1905:

     The objects of the invention are to automatically throw off the power and to apply the brake in such a manner that it will have no tendency to produce too sudden a stop or to overshift and release before the car has stopped.

   • 1971, Chilton's Auto Repair Manual, 1940-1953, page 624:

     Back off second speed, overshift stop screw slightly, and determine that speed poppet is seated in notch.

   • 1991, Eugene A. Sloane, Sloane's Complete Book of All-terrain Bicycles, →ISBN, page 39:

     Shift down rapidly to the smallest rear cog. The chain must not overshift so it rubs on the spokes or on the spoke protector as you shift up

3. To move too great an amount or move something too far.
   • 1965, Maine Legislature, Legislative Record - Volume 2, page 2423:

     But I think there is this tendency to overshift the responsibility with this doctrine, and that is my genuine concern and why I could not agree to go along with it.

   • 1978, Burton Stanley, Instrument Repair for the Music Teacher, →ISBN, page 58:

     Usually a beginner overshifts just as a beginning driver oversteers an automible for the first few times.

   • 2003, The British Herpetological Society Bulletin, page 277:

     Thus, the expansionary fiscal policy overshifts aggregate demand to AD2 rather than ADQ.

   • 2014, Marc C. Hochberg, Alan J. Silman, & Josef S. Smolen, Rheumatology, →ISBN, page 1451:

     Hip OA is associated with an antalgic gait, one in which the patient overshifts the weight while walking to reduce the pain.

4. (economics) To raise the price to consumers by more than an underlying cost increase that results from rising taxes.
   • 1995, Gareth D. Myles, Public Economics, →ISBN, page 363:

     Concavity of demand leads to undershifting and sufficient convexity to overshifting.

   • 2003, Public Relations Review: A Journal of Research and Comment:

     However, according to Kay and Keen (1991), neither undershifting of both taxes, nor overshifting of both, is a plausible scenario under the quality model.

   • 2007, Patrick W. Barnes, Economic Perspectives on Innovation and Invention, →ISBN, page 34:

     Whether this indirect effect causes an overshifting or undershifting of price depends upon the level of spillovers.

5. (horticulture) To replant or repot too soon or too often.
   • 1849, Annals of Horticulture - Volume 4, page 155:

     We presume it to be a plant requiring to be grown in peat earth, and :to have the pots in which it is, grown well and carefully drained of superfluous water; and we should further suppose it undesirable to overshift it, especially while young, and in an unestablished condition.

   • 1852, The Floricultural Cabinet, and Florists' Magazine - Volume 20, page 34:

     Particular care must be taken not to overshift such kinds as E. tricolor and its varieties, retorta, Hartnellii, &c. During their progress in growth, attention must be given to train and form the plants as may be desired.