't Hooft operatorとは 意味・読み方・使い方

In theoretical physics, a 't Hooft operator, introduced by Gerard 't Hooft in the 1978 paper On the phase transition towards permanent quark confinement is a dual version of the Wilson loop in which the electromagnetic potential A is replaced by its electromagnetic dual A^mag where the exterior derivative of A is equal to the Hodge dual of the exterior derivative of A^mag. In d spacetime dimensions, A^mag is a (d-3)-form and so the 't Hooft operator is the integral of A^mag over a (d-3)-dimensional surface.