しかしその後も、現地の官僚や俘囚の長たちは、蝦夷内部の紛争に関与し続け、地方権力から支配を浸透させた。例文帳に追加

However, even after that the local bureaucracy and chiefs of Fushu kept getting involved in disputes within Emishi and spread their dominance through the local administration.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

7世紀に入ると官僚制度、地方制度、法令制度などの整備が徐々に進んでいき、7世紀末～8世紀初頭には律令制が成立した。例文帳に追加

In the seventh century, the bureaucracy system, the local system, the statute system and so on were gradually streamlined and from the late seventh century to the early eighth century, the Ritsuryo system was established.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

在庁官人（ざいちょうかんじん）とは、日本の平安時代から鎌倉時代に、国衙行政の実務に従事した地方官僚の総称。例文帳に追加

Zaichokanjin is a general term for a local government official who undertakes the practical business of kokuga (local area) administration from the Heian period to the Kamakura period in Japan.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

朝廷の実務官僚である四位・五位の官人のみならず中央・地方の武家や神官などの叙位について記録されている。例文帳に追加

It recorded not only government officials of Shii and Goi, and governmental officials responsible for practical works of the Imperial court, but also court ranks of central and local samurai family and Shinto priests.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

こうした変化の背景には、地方の新興地主層による大土地所有や官僚進出の進展があった。例文帳に追加

Against the backdrop of these changes, there occurred developments such as the emerging regional landholders gaining large tracts of land and the rise of the bureaucrats.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

つまり文人は王侯・貴族・官僚・地主・地方豪族などの支配者的な階級・地位の出身者がほとんどであった。例文帳に追加

So, most of Bunjin were from ruling class and status such as royalty, bureaucracy, landlord and local powerful family.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

義和団の乱の責任は端郡王載漪や剛毅ら数人の重臣と地方官僚50人ほどに帰せられ、処刑もしくは流刑を言い渡された。例文帳に追加

The responsibility for the Boxer Rebellion was placed on Zaiyi or Prince Duan, several resolute senior vassals including Gangyi, and 50 local high officials, who were either executed or deported.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

したがってフランスの進出著しく、地方官僚とフランス人との接触は頻繁であった地域といえる。例文帳に追加

Therefore France stepped up its presence and local officials often contacted with people from France.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

旗本・御家人の官僚化が進んだ享保年間以降は、民間からの登用が目立ち、しかも彼ら地方巧者は地方書の著者でもあったので、地方巧者という呼称が普及した。例文帳に追加

After the Kyoho era when hatamoto (bakufu retainers) and gokenin (retainers of the Kamakura bakufu) were organized into the bakufu bureaucracy, jikata kosha posts were often granted to ordinary citizens, and due to the fact that these appointees authored guides to domain administration, they were commonly called jikata kosha.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

また地方の首長層であった豪族たちの多くは郡司層に姿を変えてゆき、中央から派遣される官僚である国司の監督下で地方統治を行った。例文帳に追加

Many of Gozoku who were belonging to the local chief class were transformed into the class of Gunji (local magistrates), and reigned over regions under the supervision of Kokushi (provincial governor) who was dispatched from the central government.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

いわば、清朝の地方の大官僚たちが結託して地方の利害を優先させ、義和団の影響が及ばないよう先手をうったといえる。例文帳に追加

In other words, the local high officials of the Qing dynasty conspired to make the interests of the provinces a priority and took a first step to make sure that the influence of the Boxers would not reach their areas.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

他の後醍醐皇子の地方下向には、多くの場合武士や南朝を代表する公家が随行していたにも関わらず、懐良親王の下向では頼元をはじめ、地位の低い実務官僚が随行していた。例文帳に追加

While warriors and powerful Court Nobles of the Southern Court often accompanied Prince Godaigo when he went to the provinces, Imperial Prince Kanenaga was accompanied by low-ranking governmental officials responsible for practical works including Yorimoto when he went to the provinces.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

この精神は、地方政府組織の末端にいたるまで貫徹し、全体の官僚機構は、相互に秩序ある階層制によって連結された官庁から成っていた。例文帳に追加

This spirit was persistent all the way to the tail end of provincial governmental organizations, and the overall bureaucracy consisted of ministries that were interconnected through an orderly ranking system.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

こうした機関の実務官僚として、現地の富豪層・田堵負名層が採用され、在庁官人として地方行政の実務にあたるようになった。例文帳に追加

Local millionaires and tato fumyo (cultivator/tax manager) were recruited as governmental officials responsible for practical works at these offices and were in charge of local administrative jobs as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods).発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

特に明の東林党や遺老の学が有名であり、そこでは官僚が責任者として自発的に地方統治を行うための制度として封建制が議論された。例文帳に追加

In particular, the Donglin movement and Iro no gaku in the Min period are famous, where the hoken system was discussed as a system for bureaucrats to voluntarily govern local areas as their responsibility.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

今日で言う憲法とは異なり、官僚や貴族に対する道徳的な規範を示したものであり、今日の国家公務員法、地方公務員法、国家公務員倫理法に近い性質のものと言える。例文帳に追加

Unlike today's constitution, it stipulates moral codes for bureaucrats and nobilities, and it can be said that its nature is similar to the National Public Service Act, Local Public Service Act and National Public Service Ethics Act of the present day.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

小野氏は、遣隋使となった小野妹子をはじめ、遣唐使などを務めたものが多く、東北や九州などの地方官僚などを務めたものも多い。例文帳に追加

Including ONO no Imoko who became Kenzuishi (a Japanese envoy to Sui Dynasty China), many people from the Ono clan worked as officials who established relations with China such as Kentoshi (a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China); also many people from the Ono clan worked as local officials in such regions as Tohoku and Kyushu regions.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて、巨大な官僚組織と精緻な法令システムを前提とする律令制の維持がもはや不可能となり、一定の行政司法権を地方官や中央官庁へ請け負わせる王朝国家が新たに成立した。例文帳に追加

From the end of the ninth to the beginning of the tenth century, it was no longer possible to keep the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code), based on the huge bureaucratic organization and the sophisticated statutory system, and a dynastic nation-state was newly established, in which certain administrative and legislative authorities were undertaken by the local officials and central bureaucrats.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

五代には貴族層が没落し、宋(王朝)初には科挙制度が整備される一方で武人の勢力が抑圧されるようになったために、地方の豪族から官僚が生み出され、その庇護によって当人及び一族の荘園が発展するという構図が描かれるようになった。例文帳に追加

During the Five Dynasties period the class of aristocrats was impoverished and during the early Sung dynasty, while kakyo system (the Imperial Examination System) was streamlined, the strength of warriors was oppressed and so the bureaucracy was born from the local ruling families, who protected the bureaucrats to develop the shoens for them and their families.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

8世紀初頭に確立した律令制は、個人を徴税単位とする個別人身支配（人別支配）を基本原則としており、高度に体系化された律令法典・官僚制度・地方制度や古代の戸籍制度・計帳などを基盤として存立していた。例文帳に追加

The Ritsuryo system, which was established in early 8th century, adopted the principle of people-based governance (ruling individuals) and existed on the basis of the highly systematized Ritsuryo code of law/bureaucracy system/local administration system as well as the family registration system/keicho (yearly tax registers) etc.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

その後律令制度の導入により朝廷の任命する官僚による地方統治と中央豪族の宮廷貴族化が計られるとともに、豪族のある者は政権の中枢を担う貴族となり、またある者は中央の官衙機構を担う中・下級の実務系の官人となった。例文帳に追加

Thereafter, due to the introduction of the ritsuryo system (the system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), governing regions by bureaucrats who were appointed by the imperial court and to transform Gozoku who lived in the capital into court nobles were planed, and at the same time, some of Gozoku became nobles in charge of the nucleus of the government, and some became middle and low-ranking officials for practical works in charge of governmental bureaucratic structure of the central government.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

西太后が「宣戦布告」の上諭を出して列強への態度を明確化した頃、両江総督劉坤一や湖広総督張之洞、両広総督李鴻章ら地方の有力官僚らは、この上諭を偽詔とした上で従わない旨宣言し、そして義和団の鎮圧に動いた。例文帳に追加

When Empress Dowager Cixi made a "proclamation of war" to make her stance toward the allied western powers clear, some influential bureaucracy in the local provinces such as Liu Kunyi, who was the Viceroy of Liangjiang, Zhang Zhidong, who was the Viceroy of Huguang, and Li Hongzhang, who was the Viceroy of Liangguang, stated that the above order was a forgery and refused to participate in suppressing the Boxers.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス