「SHOGUN」を含む例文一覧(5837)
＜前へ 1 2 .... 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 次へ＞- Under these circumstances, Shogun Tsunayoshi was leaning toward saving their lives; however, it could mean that he admitted his decisions made in the past were wrong, and therefore he arranged to meet Cloistered Imperial Prince Koben who resided at Ueno Kanei-ji Temple as a chief priest of Rinno-ji Temple and indirectly asked him to grant a pardon in order to make it look like it was a member of the Imperial Family who granted a pardon.
こうしたなかで将軍綱吉は徐々に助命に傾くが、かつての自分の裁断が過ちだったことを認めてしまうことにもなりかねないので、皇族から出された恩赦という形を得るため、輪王寺門主として上野寛永寺に居住する公弁法親王に拝謁し、それとなく法親王から恩赦を出すよう依頼するに至った。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - The prominent provincial constable, Doyo SASAKI, and Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA who was the regent of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (third shogun), and other members of the Ashikaga government held independent negotiations with Masanori KUSUNOKI of the Southern Court, but Emperor Chokei took a strong stance towards the Northern Court, leading to a break down in the peace negotiations, and in 1369, Masanori surrendered to the Northern Court.
足利政権では有力守護の佐々木道誉、3代将軍の足利義満のもとで管領を務めた細川頼之などが南朝の楠木正儀と独自に交渉を行っていたが、長慶天皇は北朝に対して強硬的な人物であったと考えられており、和睦交渉は一時途絶し、翌1369年（正平23年/応安2年）に正儀は北朝へ投降する。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - The eighth Shogun, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, while exceptionally gifted in the arts and in architectural design, had little interest in politics, so it naturally fell to his lawful wife Tomiko HINO, his inner circle of advisors, and the most powerful daimyo to rule and to solve disputes over authority; and upon the outbreak of the Kyotoku Rebellion, in which some sought to revive the fortunes of the Kubo of Kamakura, they failed to respond with sufficient force.
8代将軍・足利義政は芸術や建築に関しては優れた才覚の持ち主であったものの、政治的関心には乏しく、自然と政治は将軍の正室・日野富子や将軍側近、有力大名らによる権力抗争の場と化し、関東で鎌倉公方の復活を巡って生じた享徳の乱が発生しても、十分な対策を打とうとはしなかった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - In 1414, the Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA responded to the tributary gifts sent to him from the Ryukyu Kingdom with an official letter, while in 1441, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA declared the Ryukyu islands to be a vassal state of the Shimazu clan, lords of Satsuma Province; furthermore, the bakufu created the office of Ryukyu Hoko (shogunal magistrate of the Ryukyus) in an attempt to exert control over Ryukyu trade, meaning that it was during the Muromachi period that the Ryukyus began to be seen as part of Japan.
1414年には将軍足利義持が琉球王の献上物に対する返礼の書状を贈っており、1441年には足利義教が琉球を薩摩国の島津氏の属国とする事を認めており、さらに幕府には琉球奉行が設置されて貿易の統制を行おうとしており、室町時代には琉球が「日本」として認識されていた。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - In the incident of Ashikaga-sandai mokuzo kyoshu, heads of the wooden images and the mortuary tablets of the first Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Takauji ASHIKAGA, the second Seii taishogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, and the third Seii taishogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA were taken away from Kyoto Jito-in Temple on April 9, 1863 in the late Edo period, and were cast to the riverbed of Kamo-gawa river.
足利三代木像梟首事件（あしかがさんだいもくぞうきょうしゅじけん）は、江戸時代後期、幕末の文久3年2月22日(旧暦)（1863年4月9日）に、京都等持院にあった室町幕府初代征夷大将軍足利尊氏、2代足利義詮、3代足利義満の木像の首と位牌が持ち出され、賀茂川の河原に晒された事件である。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Later, compared to the more established samurai government control by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it was an undeveloped system without an established lower-ranking vassal system, but was nonetheless significant because it built a control network through bushi that was not seen in previous aristocratic governments, and therefore in the academic field it is largely considered as a beginning form of samurai government.
これは後の鎌倉幕府による本格的な武家政権支配と比較すると、御家人制度のように確立されたものでもなく未熟なものだったといえるが、武士を通じた支配ネットワークを構築したことは従前の貴族政権には見られない画期的なものとされ、ゆえに学界では発現期の武家政権であるとする評価が主流となっている。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and its domains were forced to eliminate their 'matchlock infantry' armed with matchlocks and to form a 'musket infantry' or 'musket unit' armed with Western style firearms, however, the number of ashigaru (common foot soldiers) was sometimes not enough to form these infantries or units and, in these cases, new members were recruited to create a musket infantry similar to the ashigaru troops in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽身分のものだけでは不十分なケースが多々見られ、こうした場合、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設することがあった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - In response to an inquiry from the second shogun, Hidetada TOKUGAWA, Tenkai suggested that myojin was a title of god donated to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as Hokoku Daimyojin (Great Luminous Deity of Our Bountiful Country) and it was an ill-omened title considering the collap of Toyotomi clan, so the title of god of Ieyasu was determined to be 'Tosho Daigongen', and the body of Ieyasu was moved from Mount Kuno Toshogu Shrine to Nikko Toshogu Shrine and Rinno-ji Temple was built.
天海が2代将軍となった徳川秀忠の諮問に対し、明神は豊国大明神として豊臣秀吉に対して送られた神号であり、その後の豊臣氏滅亡を考えると不吉であると提言したことで、家康の神号は「東照大権現」と決定され、家康の遺体を久能山東照宮から日光東照宮に改葬、輪王寺を建立した。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - From such a career, the diary has detailed entries about conflicts between the Kamo-jinja Shrines, the Great Thanksgiving Festival in 1466 that in fact became the last such festival held in the medieval period, the relationship between court aristocrats and warriors (Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)), the circumstances of the Onin War, what the frequently-occurring do-ikki (uprisings of cultivators and other commoners) were like, and the ordinary life of court nobles, etc., so it is an important historical source to know about this period.
このような経歴から、賀茂神社間の争いに関わる話や、事実上中世最後となった文正元年（1466年）の大嘗祭に関する記事、公家と武家（室町幕府）の関係、応仁の乱の経緯、頻発した土一揆の様子、さらに普段の公家の生活などが詳細に記されており、同時代を知る上での一級史料といえる。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Behind the above, there was a fact that a sense of sin for consumption declined because the repair/collection of used articles became vigorous thanks to the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)'s policy of encouraging bote-furi (bote-uri) (vending while calling to customers), which was introduced for the promotion of economy and the relief of the socially vulnerable, as well as the use and sale of various foodstuffs such as whale meat and night soil.
棒手振り（棒手売）が幕府による経済振興や弱者救済として奨励され、古物の修理・回収が盛んになり、物の消費に一定の罪悪感が無くなったことや、鯨などの食料や資源の徹底した活用や、それによって生ずる人糞までも肥料化による利用と売買など、消費が振興となったことが大きいといえる。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Although 'Kuchi' (literally meaning a mouth) --a word that refers to the entrances of Kyoto--seems to have been used to refer to the entrance in the late Kamakura period, we can see their descriptions in historical records of the subsequent Muromachi period as a seki (choking station); during the Muromachi period authorative organizations such as the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), temples, and the Imperial court (or nobles) started to establish checking stations called 'Nanakuchi no seki' at the entrances to Kyoto and other locations to levy travelers sekisen (tolls).
京の出入口を表す言葉としての「口」は、鎌倉時代後半から使われていたようであるが、室町時代になるとその出入口をはじめとして、幕府、寺社、朝廷（公家）などさまざまな主体が「七口の関」と称される関（関所）を設け関銭（通行料）を徴収するようになったため、記録に関として「口」がみられるようになる。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - It was customary during the Edo period that, when a new year commenced, the shogun sent Koke (position in the Tokugawa shogunate which mainly handled ceremonial matters) as his representative to present the emperor and retired emperor (In) a New Year's greeting and, in return, the emperor and the retired emperor sent an envoy to give an imperial reply (the emperor's envoy was called chokushi and the retired emperor's envoy was call inshi or sentoshi (because, at that time, the retired emperor administered the government by cloistered emperor) to Edo (present Tokyo) in March.
新年が来ると幕府将軍は高家を名代として天皇と上皇(院)に対して新年祝賀の奏上をおこない、天皇と上皇はそれに対する勅答の使者（天皇の使者は勅使といい、上皇の使者は院使または仙洞使(当時上皇は仙洞御所という所で院政を執ったため)という）を3月に江戸へ下向させるのが江戸時代の毎年の慣例であった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - "Which one of the two plans do you think is better: I should relinquish the shogun's post for Owari dono and let him decide what to do when Nabematsu reaches adulthood because Tosho-gu (Ieyasu) established the three privileged branches specifically for this kind of situation, or; I should ask Owari dono to stay in the western citadel until Nabematsu reaches adulthood to administer the bakufu and ask him to take over the shogun family in case Nabematsu dies by misfortune."
東照宮（家康）が御三家を立てられたのはこのような時のためであるから、自分の後は尾張殿に譲り、鍋松が成人した折には尾張殿の心に任せた方が良いか、あるいは鍋松が成人するまで尾張殿には西丸にいて政治を執ってもらい、不幸にして鍋松が死んだ場合に尾張殿に将軍家を継いでもらった方が良いか、この2案のうちどちらが良いか。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - He is also known as a warrior who participated in many wars from his first battle with his older brother Yoshihiro and younger brother Iehisa, followed by well-known contributions he made to the Siege of Yokokawa-jo castle attack (called Yokokawa-jo seme or Yokokawa kuzure), Yoshihiro's rescue mission, the Siege of Obama-jo castle in the Osumi Province, the Siege of Ito clan, the Battle of the Mimikawa, the Siege of the second Minamata-jo castle, and vice-shogun in the war force of the Higoguchi side led by Yoshihiro in the Bungo Province.
また初陣での奮戦から、兄義弘・弟家久と並び島津家の多くの合戦に参加し、横川城攻め(横川崩れ)、大口市堂ヶ崎における義弘救出戦、大隅国小浜城(大隅国)攻め、伊東氏攻め、耳川の戦い、第二次水俣城攻め、豊後国入りでの義弘が指揮した肥後口側の軍勢の副将などが主な功績として挙げられる。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Uesugi clan was a court noble at the beginning, and became an emerging power in Kanto region through having a relationship with the samurai family, Ashikaga clan; then the Uesugi families founded by his male cousins, Shigeyoshi UESUGI (Takuma-Uesugi family), Tomosada UESUGI (Futahashi-Uesugi family, later Ogigayatsu Uesugi family), and his brother Norifuji UESUGI (Inukake-Uesugi family) underwent power conflicts to expand its influence in the Kanto region while taking advantage of matrimonial relations with Ashikaga clan of the shogun family throughout the Muromachi period.
上杉氏はもともと公家であったが、武家の足利氏と結び付いて関東の新興勢力となり、従兄弟の上杉重能（詫間上杉家）や上杉朝定（二橋上杉家、後の扇谷上杉家）、それに兄弟の上杉憲藤（犬懸上杉家）などを祖とする上杉諸家が、将軍家・足利氏との姻戚関係を背景として、室町時代を通し関東で勢力抗争を展開することとなる。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - However, after Takauji died, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA who had become the 2nd shogun and Motouji ASHIKAGA who had become a Kamakura kubo, secretly made their uncle Noriaki, who had assisted them as steward in their childhood, be reassigned as Echigo Shugo (provincial constable), and in 1362 they dismissed Kanto Kanrei, Kunikiyo HATAKEYAMA, who made resistance against the treatment and barricaded himself in the territory of Izu but was eventually suppressed; and a year later, they tried to bring Noriaki back to Kamakura as Kunikiyo's replacement.
しかし、尊氏が没し2代将軍となった足利義詮および鎌倉公方となった足利基氏兄弟は、幼少時に執事として補佐した叔父の憲顕を密かに越後守護に再任し、1362年（貞治2年）には関東管領畠山国清を罷免しこれに抵抗して領国の伊豆に籠った国清を討伐、翌年、憲顕を国清の後釜として鎌倉に召還しようとした。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Furthermore, he became a Buke Tenso (or Denso) (Imperial official in charge of communication between the shogunate and the court), getting involved in grant of an imperial secret edict ('micchoku' in Japanese) to the Mito Domain, and retired as Gon Dainagon (Provisional Major Counselor) for his involvement in an incident related to the friction between the two potential successors to the 14th Shogun's post, in which Hisatada KUJO conveyed an imperial edict declaring eligibility for successor to the Shogun as having intelligence and courage ('eiketsu' in Japanese), popularity ('jinbo') and seniority ('nencho'), thereby inferring the name of Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI, from which edict, however, Hisatada KUJO arbitrarily deleted a passage showing the eligibility before granting it to the shogunate.
さらに武家伝奏となり、水戸藩への密勅降下にも関与するが、九条尚忠の独断専行（将軍継嗣問題において、将軍継嗣には英傑・人望・年長の三条件を備えた人物、一橋慶喜、が望ましいとする朝議決定事項を、勅書から独断で削って幕府側に伝えた事件）に関与したとして権大納言を辞職する。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Additionally, as provincial military governors became daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku period and the climate of gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) became widespread among shugodai (deputy military governors) and kokujin (local lords), samurai were desperately trying to survive and Onmyodo, which had been used as accessories for formal functions, were no longer seen as important; meanwhile, with Kyoto, which was home to the patron of the onmyoji, the Imperial Court, left devastated by a series of wars and the tyranny of the Sengoku daimyo, the sight of the shogun fleeing the capital became increasingly common.
さらに守護大名の戦国大名への移行や守護代・国人などによる下克上の風潮が広まると、武家たちは生き残りに必死で、形式補完的に用いていた陰陽道などはことさら重視せず、相次ぐ戦乱や戦国大名らの専横によって陰陽師の庇護者である朝廷のある京も荒れ果て、将軍も逃避することがしばしば見られるようになった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Hyojoshu originated from the council system with 13 councilors started in 1199 to restrain the dictatorship of MINAMOTO no Yoriie, and was established as a system by Yasutoki HOJO, the regent of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), in 1225 to operate the government under the nominal control of the young Lord of Kamakura, FUJIWARA no Yoritsune from a regent family, by the leading immediate vessels of the Lord.
鎌倉殿である源頼家の独裁権を掣肘するため1199年に開始された十三人の合議制が原型であるが、評定衆として制度化されたのは1225年、鎌倉幕府の執権北条泰時が、摂家から迎えた若年の鎌倉殿の藤原頼経が名目上支配する幕府政治を、有力御家人による合議により運営するべく設置したのが最初である。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - In the Edo period, once the study of ancient Japanese thought, classics, and Shinto became popular under the view point of criticizing beliefs from overseas like Confucianism and Buddhism, the belief of Shinkoku was widely accepted, it developed the principle of excluding foreigners in the face of pressure from Western ships coming to Japan in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, the movement of "Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians" (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of the barbarians or foreigners) was established which caused of the fall of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
江戸時代には儒教や仏教などの外来思想に批判的な立場から古典や神道を研究する国学が盛んになると、神国思想もまた広く受け入れられるようになり、それが幕末の黒船来航などの外的圧力の増大とともに攘夷論へと発展し、尊王攘夷運動が展開されてやがて江戸幕府滅亡の原因となった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - There is some doubt about when he attaining governmental position, but it is obvious that he got it at least before February 1568; according to 'Tokitsugu kyoki' written by Tokitsugu YAMASHINA, Tokitsugu was confused when a messenger from Yoshiaki asked him to mediate recommendation of promotion to Juyon'i-ge on the same day Yoshihide ASHIKAGA, who was Yoshiaki's rival, was ordered to become Shogun.
なお、叙任時期については疑問視する意見があるが、山科言継の『言継卿記』によれば永禄11年（1568年）2月に行われた義昭の対抗馬である足利義栄への将軍宣下当日に宣下の使者であった言継の屋敷に義昭の使者が現れて従四位下への昇進推薦の仲介を依頼しに来たために困惑した事が書かれており、この以前に叙任を受けていた事は明らかである。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - While the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) banned Shichitorikoi in so-called sanctuary-like places such as markets and streets, there were only restrictions and was no law to ban the actions because Shichitorikoi was effective as the existence of the above-mentioned cognition of the group responsibility in a local community and the general cognition as a common law and mental pressure on the debtor to pay for his or her debt.
室町幕府や戦国大名なども市場や道路などのいわゆる「アジール」的な場所での質取行為は禁止したものの、前述の地縁に関する認識の存在と慣習法としての一般認識の存在、他に債務者に対して債務返済への心理的圧力としてある程度までは有効性があったことから、規制は行われても禁止にまで踏み切った法は存在しなかった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - The sixteenth head of the Konoe family, Sakihisa KONOE (the pseudonym Ozan, 1536 - 1612), who served as Kanpaku over the periods of the demise of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Honnoji Incident (a battle in which Nobunaga was killed), and the foundation of Tokugawa Shogunate, led a turbulent life serving as Kanpaku to move to Echigo (the Niigata region) to make an alliance with Kenshin UESUGI, also took a good care of the family treasure of documents and evacuated them to Sakamoto at the foot of Mt. Hiei.
16代当主近衛前久（さきひさ、号は応山、1536年–1612年）は、室町幕府の崩壊、本能寺の変、徳川幕府成立という激動の時代に関白を務め、関白の職にありながら、上杉謙信と同盟を結んで越後に赴くなど数奇な生涯を送った人物であるが、彼も家伝文書の保存には意を払い、文書を比叡山の麓の坂本に疎開させたという。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - It is thought that Hikoisaserihiko no Mikoto (also known as Kibitsuhiko no Mikoto) and Wakatakehiko no Mikoto brothers, the princes of Emperor Korei, as commanders of Yamato dynasty (Shido-shogun [Generals Dispatched to Four Circuits]), toured to the Kibi Province to subdue Ura, who were the armed forces there and advanced iron making skills (they are considered as powerful local clans and cooperating groups of toraijin, i.e. settlers from overseas).
孝霊天皇の皇子彦五十狭芹彦命（ひこいさせりひこのみこと、吉備津彦命）、稚武彦命（わかたけひこのみこと）の兄弟は、ヤマト王権の将帥（四道将軍）として温羅（うら）と呼ばれる製鉄に優れた吉備国の武装勢力（地方豪族やそれに与する渡来人の集団と考えられている）を制圧するために吉備国に遠征しこれを平定したといわれている。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - According to an archive "Nobumasa FUJIWARA/Sukehiro HYOGO Documentation" that remains in Odatsurugi-jinja Shrine, Nobumasa FUJIWARA and Masahiro FUJIWARA (father and son) who seemed to be descendents of FUJIWARA no Toshihito, a father-in-law of Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North) (or FUJIWARA no Arihito who was a father-in-law of Toshihito and a local ruling family of Tsuruga [Inbe clan?]) who made an offering to Tsurugi-jinja Shrine on August 3, 1393, and wrote a document were associated with an ancestor of the Echizen Oda clan.
また、織田剣神社にある『藤原信昌・兵庫助弘置文』の古文書によると、明徳4年（1393年）の6月17日に剣神社宝前に奉納し、置文を記した鎮守府将軍藤原利仁（あるいは利仁の岳父で、敦賀の豪族藤原有仁（忌部氏？））の系統と思われる藤原信昌、藤原将広父子が越前織田家の先祖に関連がある人物と伝わる。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - In this book, the head of the Odachi clan, who served the Muromachi bakufu as moshitsugishu (a civil servant post of Muromachi bakufu) and played a role of corresponding secretary between seii taishogun (literally, a great general who subdues the barbarians) and influential families, listed actual shosatsurei together with his notes based on the categories of addressees, namely shogun, court nobles including top court officials, Buddhist priest including monzeki (priest-prince), shugo-daimyo (military governor) including kanrei (shogunal deputy), officials of Muromachi bakufu and vassals of daimyo.
室町幕府申次衆などを務め、征夷大将軍と諸権門との連絡役を務めることが多かった大舘氏当主が将軍・公卿以下の公家、門跡以下の僧侶、管領以下の守護大名、室町幕府の諸役人や諸大名の家臣などに出す場合の書札礼を差出対象ごとに分けた上で実際の書札を例に取りながら注記を加えたものである。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was the first government to enforce the bukeho in the form of statutory law, the Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai), which was inherited by the Kenmu Code enforced by Muromachi bakufu, the bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) enforced by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period, and the Buke Shohatto (code for the warrior households) as well as the hanpo (code for regional domains) enforced during the time of the Edo bakufu; the bukeho thus became the prototype of codes for the military government to control the nation and for the regional administrations to maintain the feudal system and the regional order within their domains.
鎌倉幕府において初めての成文法形式の武家法である御成敗式目が定められ、以後室町幕府の建武式目、戦国大名の分国法、江戸幕府の武家諸法度及び諸藩の藩法に継承され、武家政権における日本全国の支配及び地方政権における領国内の封建体制と地域秩序の維持の基本となった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - At the very end of the Edo period when the Satsuma clan and Choshu clan formed Satsuma-Choshu Alliance to promote the movement to overthrow the Shogunate, the Tosa clan, which supported the parliamentary regime theory and the Shogun's returning the sovereignty to the Emperor, submitted a petition for Taisei Hokan (proposed and planned by Ryoma SAKAMOTO in cooperation with Shojiro GOTO) to the Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA through the lord of the domain Toyoshige YAMAUCHI on October 29, 1867.
薩摩藩と長州藩が薩長同盟を結び倒幕運動を推し進めていた幕末も大詰めの時期、公議政体論を主張し将軍の政権返上を政治路線として考えていた土佐藩は、慶応3年（1867年）10月3日(旧暦)に（坂本龍馬が発案計画し、後藤象二郎協力）大政奉還の建白書を藩主山内豊信を通じ将軍・徳川慶喜に提出した。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Sukeyoshi SHONI (Sukeyoshi MUTO) of Dazai-fu received the letter from the Mongol Empire (letter and records according to Japanese materials) and the one from the king of Goryeo, and sent them to Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (however, Hanpu returned to Goryeo seven months after his arrival at Dazai-fu, possibly because Japan showed no intention to reply, and in October of the same year, Goryeo reported to the Yuan imperial court, by envoy Hanpu himself visiting there, that he had gained no fruit).
大宰府の少弐資能（武藤資能）は蒙古国書（日本側では牒状と記録）と高麗王書状を受け取り、鎌倉幕府へ送達する（しかし、日本側からの返牒の気配がなかったためか、太宰府来着から七ヶ月後に潘阜は高麗へ帰還しており、高麗は同年10月には潘阜の遣使が不首尾に終わった旨を元朝宮廷側に潘阜ら自らが赴くなどして報告している）。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Although they are hardly picked up in academic settings, some of the conspiratorial views of history include Asano Takumi no Kami being used to trap Kira Kozuke no Suke, the wife of a Shogun Nobuko TAKATSUYA trying to stop Keishoin from receiving Juichii (Junior First Rank), a salt merchant working with a bakufu official to eliminate the Ako Domain and turn it into bakufu land in order to gain profit by selling salt in Ako.
学術的にはほとんど取り上げられていないものの、陰謀史観の一つとして、本来は吉良上野介の側を陥れるはずだった陰謀に浅野内匠頭が利用されたとの説、桂昌院の従一位叙任を阻止しようとした御台所鷹司信子の陰謀説、幕府の役人と結びついた塩商人が赤穂の塩を狙い、赤穂藩を潰して天領にし儲けを得ようとしたという説もある。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - The Ming Dynasty also needed to have relations with the ruler of Japan, who was able to crack down on Japanese pirates, but they rejected the offer of trade with regard to the domestic opinion for the restoration of Confucianism, on the grounds that the Ashikaga clan was not the ruler of Japan but only a 'shogun,' or the vassal of the party of Jimyoin, who was considered by the Ming Dynasty as the name of the political opponent of 'Ryokai' (Imperial Prince Kanenaga) over the succession of the imperial throne.
明朝側としても倭寇を取り締まる能力のある日本の支配者との通交の必要はあったものの、儒教復興が叫ばれていた当時、足利氏が日本の君主ではなく「持明」（持明院統の天皇の事。明朝は「持明」を「良懐」（懐良親王）と日本の王位を争っている人物名と解釈していた）の臣下の「将軍」にすぎないことを理由に、通交を拒否していた。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - In order to bolster the Southern Court's military might in Kyushu, Emperor Godaigo's son Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi was dispatched there as Seisei shogun (General of the West), and in the battle of the Chikugo river (also known as the battle of Ohobaru) over 100,000 men were said to have fought, including Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, Takemitsu KIKUCHI, Taketsura AKABOSHI, Sadahisa UTSUNOMIYA, and Nagayuki KUSANO for the Southern Court, and father and son Yorihisa and Naosuke SHONI as well as Ujitoki OUCHI and Fuyutsuna UTSUNOMIYA for the Northern Court.
南朝勢力を強化するために、後醍醐天皇の皇子である懐良親王が征西将軍として派遣され、筑後川の戦い（大保原の戦い）では、南朝方の懐良親王、菊池武光、赤星武貫、宇都宮貞久、草野永幸らと北朝方の少弐頼尚、少弐直資の父子、大友氏時、宇都宮冬綱ら両軍合わせて約10万人が戦ったとされる。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Amid such circumstance, in 1392 (Genchu 9/Meitoku 3), through Shogun Yoshimitsu's mediation, under the conditions that the alternate succession between the Kameyama (Daitokuji) and Jimyoin lineages be restored, and the Kameyama (Daitokuji) lineage be officially made owner of all the Kokuga (public) territory in the entire country (although in actuality, there was very little such territory due to the proliferation of shoen), Emperor Gokameyama of the Southern Court handed over the Imperial Regalia to Emperor Gokomatsu of the Northern Court, and the Northern and Southern Courts were unified (in what was called the Peace Treaty of Meitoku).
このような情勢の中で1392年（元中9年/明徳3年）、足利義満の斡旋で、大覚寺統と持明院統の両統迭立と、全国の国衙領を大覚寺統の所有とすること（実際には国衙領はわずかしかなかった）を条件に、南朝の後亀山天皇が北朝の後小松天皇に三種の神器を渡し、南北朝が合体した（明徳の和約）。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Each such name had originally been the childhood name of the founder of the family (so for example, the name Takechiyo had been the first Edo-period Shogun, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's name, while Gorota had been the Owari branch progenitor Yoshinao TOKUGAWA's, Chofukumaru the Kishu branch founder Yorinobu TOKUGAWA's, Tsuruchiyo the Mito branch forefather Yorifusa TOKUGAWA's, and Inuchiyo the Kaga Domain patriarch Toshiie MAEDA's), and each was passed down from family head to the son being groomed as heir, becoming their childhood name in turn; this passing down continued from generation to generation.
これらはそれぞれの家の初代当主の幼名であり、（たとえば竹千代は江戸幕府初代征夷大将軍徳川家康の、五郎太は尾張藩祖徳川義直の、長福丸は紀州藩祖徳川頼宣の、鶴千代は水戸藩祖徳川頼房の、犬千代は加賀藩祖前田利家の幼名である）これらは子孫のうち後を継ぐべき嫡男の幼名にもなり、代々受け継がれていった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - There had been an agreement between Cloistered Emperor Gomizunoo, then taking the virtual reins of the court, and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a nominally emperor-appointed Shogun) that, if Emperor Reigen died before Fusako TAKATSUKASA delivered a son, the Emperor's oldest son Ichinomiya born to a daughter (an unidentified Chunagon Naishi (a maid of honor to the Vice-Councilor of State)) of Saneoki OGURA would inherit the throne, and this agreement had won consent of the Emperor and influential noble families including Sekkanke (families qualified for appointment as Prince Regent or Chief Advisor to the Emperor).
そこで当時院政を敷いていた後水尾法皇と江戸幕府との間で密かに万が一鷹司房子に男子が生まれないままに天皇が崩御された場合の時には小倉実起の娘（中納言典侍・実名不詳）が生んだ第1皇子である一宮が継承するという合意が出来ており、天皇や摂関家などの有力公家の合意を取り付けていた。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Two years later, Hideyori was elevated to the position of Udaijin, and yet, Ieyasu yielded the position of Shogun to his son, Hidetada TOKUGAWA, showing his determination to pass down the position by hereditary succession; in the same year, in place of Kanetaka KUJO, Nobutada KONOE (whose name had changed from Nobusuke and who had been reinstated to Sadaijin in 1601) was appointed to Kanpaku for the first time in twenty-one years since he had started the soron, having caused a series of troubles thereafter; here, the tradition of rotating the position of Kanpaku among the five sekke was restored.
そして2年後、秀頼は右大臣に昇ったものの、この年に家康は将軍職も2年後に息子徳川秀忠に譲って将軍職の世襲の意思を表し、同じ年に九条兼孝に代わって一連の問題の発端となった近衛信尹（信輔改め、慶長6年（1601年）左大臣還任）が相論発生以来21年目にして関白に任命されて五摂家による持ち回りが復活した。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Since Hikawa-jinja Shrine is an old establishment listed in the "the Engishiki" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) and the main god of Hikawa-jinja Shrine became Susanoo (in other words, the original main god Arahabaki became the guest god) only because of political reasons of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the story on the link between Izumo and Hikawa may be taken as part of the process of Emishi (including Toraijin [people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese]) control by the Yamato Court.
氷川神社が延喜式に掲載されている古社であり、かつ、氷川神社の主祭神がスサノオになった（＝元々主祭神であったアラハバキ神が客人神になった）のは江戸幕府の政治的意図によるものであることからすれば、出雲と氷川の繋がりの話は、大和朝廷による蝦夷（含、渡来人）支配の一過程であると捉えたほうがよさそうである。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Due to his ambiguities of his origin, there are theories written in novels, saying that Tenkai was a child of the 12th shogun, Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, or that he was the same person as Mitsuhide AKECHI who killed Nobunaga ODA in the Honnoji Incident and committed suicide when he was attacked by natives who heisted lost samurai after the Battle of Yamasaki (it is usually based on a fact that there is a place named 'Akechidaira' in Nikko City where his graveyard exists).
その出自の曖昧さもあり、小説等で出てくる説として、天海が足利将軍家12代足利義晴の子という説や、本能寺の変で織田信長を討ち、山崎の戦いの後土民の落ち武者狩りに遭い自刃したとされる明智光秀と同一人物という説がある（墓所である日光市に「明智平」という場所があることなどが根拠に挙げられることが多い）。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - For example, it is known that, after Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA assumed the position of shogun, his uncle, Katsumitsu HINO, who was Naidaijin (the Minister of the Interior) completely controlled affairs of state, but we can know from this diary that, in military administration, for matters which Katsumitsu who was a noble in his roots could not make judgment, it was instructed to get the approval of the steward of the office of administration, Sadamune ISE (Military administration was in the hand of Sadamune ISE, who was a close retainer of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA.).
例えば、足利義尚の将軍就任後、その伯父、内大臣日野勝光が政務を取り仕切っていたことが知られているが、軍政面で、公家出身の勝光に判断できないものについては、政所執事伊勢貞宗の決裁を受けるよう指示していた（＝軍政面は、足利義政側近である伊勢貞宗の管轄であったこと）が、この日記で知ることができる。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - According to the "Shoyuki (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke)" in the Heian period, there was a case where the major opinion in the conference of the Imperial court was denied by the opposition of FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, a chief adviser to the Emperor, and another minor opinion supported by Yorimichi was implemented, and in another case more recently, amnesty for Nichiren, which was opposed by all hyojoshu (chamber of government affairs and justice) in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), was implemented by Tokimune HOJO, a regent to the shogunate, who was the odd man.
平安時代の『小右記』によれば、朝廷の会議での多数意見が関白藤原頼通の反対によって否認されて頼通が支持した少数意見による方策が実施されたケースがあり、時代が下って鎌倉幕府でも評定衆が全員一致で反対した日蓮に対する恩赦が決裁者である執権北条時宗によって実施されたケースがある。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - According to "Hanazonoin Shinki" (The Diary of the Emperor Hanazono), the emperor made ironical remarks on January 13, 1325 about the incident that both Jimyoin party that the emperor belonged to and Daikakujito party, the rival of Jimyointo, sent emissaries to Kamakura in order to obtain the favorable judgment over the validity of the succession to the Imperial Throne between the Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi and the Emperor Godaigo from the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) one after another, saying "It looks like a horse racing."
花園院の日記である『花園院宸記』には、正中2年正月13日条の記事として花園院が属する持明院統のライバルである大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇と皇太子邦良親王が皇位継承の正当性を巡って鎌倉幕府からの有利な裁定を求めて互いに鎌倉に使者を相次いで派遣した有様を「世に競馬と号す」と皮肉っている。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - The party of TAIRA no Masakado, who called himself 'Shinno' (new emperor) in the Kanto region in the Heian period, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who broke away from the Kenmu Restoration, which was initiated by Emperor Gotoba after the fall of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), at the end of the Edo period, Choshu clan, which was brought down by the Coup of August 18 in 1864 (became choteki by firing at the Kyoto Imperial Palace in the Kin-mon Gate Incident, and was attacked by the bakufu in the conquest of Choshu, which led to two Bakucho Wars (wars between bakufu and Choshu)), Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, the 15th Shogun, in the oseifukko (restoration of imperial power) (Japan) (Yoshinobu confined himself at the Ueno Kanei-ji Temple when he was deemed choteki), and the Edo bakufu side in the Boshin War (Aizu Clan, which was seen as the central force received concentrated attacks by the new government troops, and Yonezawa Clan, which strongly supported the Aizu Clan, faced serious charges despite their relatively early surrender) were considered choteki.
平安時代に関東地方において「新皇」を名乗った平将門一党や、鎌倉幕府滅亡後に後醍醐天皇によって開始された建武の新政から離反した足利尊氏、江戸時代末期には1864(元治元)の八月十八日の政変で失脚した長州藩（禁門の変で京都御所に発砲した事により朝敵となり、幕府による長州征伐を受けて二次にわたる幕長戦争が起こる）、王政復古(日本)により15代将軍徳川慶喜（慶喜は朝敵とされると上野寛永寺に謹慎した）、戊辰戦争においては江戸幕府側勢力（中心的勢力とみなされた会津藩は新政府軍から集中攻撃を浴び、会津藩を強く支持した米沢藩は、比較的早期に降伏したにもかかわらず、戦後重罪に処された）が朝敵とされた。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - As to the background of the spread of his legend during the middle ages and in the modern era under the title "Hinomoto Shogun TAIRA no Shinno" as opposed to the title he had assumed himself, "New Emperor," Yukihiko SEKI points out that the legend was passed down with the new title as a means of eliminating the possibility of interpreting the name as representing the potentially divisive and dangerous notion of a separate, independent Bando, thereby facilitating respect for the law, and that it reflects the administrative philospphy of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who chose to become the head of a separate military administration that could peacefully coexist with the Imperial Court.
「新皇」と名乗った史実に反し「日本将軍平親王」としての伝説が中世近世を通じて流布した背景に、板東の分与・独立という危険な思想を意味する前者を排除し、遵法的存在としての名称に換え伝えたもので、軍事権門として朝廷と併存する道を選択した源頼朝を投影したものだとする関幸彦の指摘がある。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - In Kyushu, where the Kikuchi clan of the Southern Court faction, which was protecting Prince Kaneyoshi, who was a both a member of the imperial family and the seisai taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the western barbarians"), Noriuji ISSHIKI (Doken), who was the Kyushu tandai (regional commissioner in Kyushu) under the ASHIKAGA clan and was based in the Hakata district, and Yorinao SHONI, who was an official of Dazaifu (governmental office with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima under the ritsuryo system), had been in contention with each other, Tadafuyu fought against the Isshiki clan, who had received the order from Shogun Takauji to subjugate Tadafuyu, and cooperated with the Seisaifu government of Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, with the aim of capturing Dazaifu.
九州には、征西将軍宮懐良親王を擁する南朝方の菊池氏や、足利方の九州探題で博多を本拠とした一色範氏（道猷）、大宰府の少弐頼尚らの勢力が鼎立していたところ、直冬は、将軍尊氏より直冬の討伐命令を受けた一色氏らと戦い、懐良親王の征西府と協調路線を取り大宰府攻略を目指す。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - In addition, according to "Enko-in Jiden" (history of Enko-in Temple), which is historical material kept by Enko-in Temple at that time, just before Shingen's death at Komaba in Shinano Province, he called Nobuharu BABA to his bedside and left his will to send to Sessan-osho (a priest), for dedication to Enko-in Temple, his Jinchu Mamorihonzon (guardian deity at the front), Tohachi-bishamon (a statue of Bishamoten) and Shogun-jizo (Jizo that brings victory), carved at Shingen's order by Kunaikyo hoin Yasukiyo ([宮内卿法印 定訳不明])(famous busshi (sculptor of Buddhist Statues) in the Azuchi-Momoyama period and worshipped very much).
さらに、円光院に伝わる当時の史料・『円光院寺伝』によると、信玄が信濃国駒場で臨終間近の時、病の床に馬場信春を呼び寄せ、（安土桃山時代の高名な仏師）宮内卿法印康清に彫らせた、自分が日頃から信仰していた陣中守り本尊、刀八毘沙門・勝軍地蔵を託し、説三和尚に送り、円光院に納めてくれるように遺言したという。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - However, when Kintsune passed away, Michiie claimed without permission that it was the will of Kintsune and became Kanto moshitsugi (liaison with the east) (However, there is also a theory that he was assigned to the kanto moshitsugi post with Kintsune as 'the father of the shogun'), dismissed his second son Yoshizane (Michiie and Yoshizane were on bad terms, and Yoshizane was disowned by his father), and promoted his favored Sanetsune ICHIJO as the Kanpaku (He was reassigned to be Sessho after Emperor Gofukakusa ascended to the throne).
だが、公経が死去すると、道家は勝手に公経の遺言と称して関東申次の職を継承（ただし、公経の生前から「将軍の実父」として公経とともに関東申次の職務にあたっていたとする説もある）し、さらに次男の良実を排除して（道家と良実は不仲で、良実は父から義絶されていた）、寵愛する息子の一条実経を関白として擁立する（後深草天皇即位後は摂政に転じる）。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Around this time in Kyoto in 1565, Miyoshi sanninshu (three chief retainers of the Miyoshi clan, Nagayuki MIYOSHI, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI), influential people in the Miyoshi clan who had power in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), and Hisahide MATSUNAGA all collaborated in the murder of the thirteenth seii taishogun, Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, who had been in increasing conflict with the Miyoshi clan due to his goal of restoring power to the Muromachi bakufu, and installed his cousin Yoshihide ASHIKAGA as the fourteenth shogun to serve as their puppet (Eiroku Incident).
このころ中央では、永禄8年（1565年）、かねて京都を中心に畿内で権勢を誇っていた三好氏の有力者・三好三人衆（三好長逸、三好政康、岩成友通）と松永久秀が、室町幕府権力の復活を目指して三好氏と対立を深めていた第13代征夷大将軍・足利義輝を暗殺し、第14代将軍として義輝の従弟・足利義栄を傀儡として擁立する（永禄の変）。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Sanada's army defeated Echizen Matsudaira's army, attacked the headquarters of Ieyasu and defeated hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) of Ieyasu, who were famous for their brawniness (it is said that it was the second time since 'the Battle of Mikatagahara' when Ieyasu's headquarters was attacked and Uma-jirushi (massive flags used in Japan to identify a daimyo or equally important military commander on the field of battle) was brought down and Ieyasu prepared to kill himself, having seen the fierceness of Sanada's army; time was vengeful, and Ieyasu's uma-jirushi was brought down twice by commanders related to the Takeda family).
真田勢は越前松平勢を突破し、家康の本陣まで攻め込み、屈強で鳴らす家康旗本勢を蹴散らした（ちなみに、本陣に攻め込まれ馬印が倒されたのは「三方ヶ原の戦い」以来二度目と言われ、真田勢の凄まじさに家康は自害を覚悟したほどだったという。これにより、奇しくも家康は武田家ゆかりの武将に二度馬印を倒されたこととなる）。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - Because she did not earn her place in history after she married, it has often been considered she was poor in health or divorced, or even incapable of managing concubines and other female attendants of the castle; in fact, it can be assumed that she was indeed an able woman who could manage the O-oku system at the time, in which a shogun had one lawful wife and many other concubines and lovers, because Nobunaga's scandals related to his bedrooms never came out and were well managed.
結婚後は歴史の表舞台に一切名を残さなかったせいか、病弱説や離婚説、奥を取り仕切るだけの器量がなかったなどという評価がなされる事があったが、実際は信長の閨房における醜聞が一切表に出ずきちんと取り仕切られていたことから、決して無能な女性ではなく一正室多側室多愛妾多伽係という当時の奥制度をきちんと管理出来る女性だったと考えられる。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス - During the fourth visit to Kyoto in 1867 (left Kagoshima on April 29 and arrived at Kyoto on May 15), he held a meeting with the four lords of Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Yodo YAMAUCHI, and Munenari DATE and confirmed to hold talks with Shogun Yoshinobu cooperated with the four lords over the problems of the opening Hyogo (present Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture) port which was pressing the time to announce the schedule of opening and the punishment against the Choshu Domain which had been left pending after the ceasefire of the second conquest (virtual defeat of the Shogunate) in October of the previous year.
慶応3年（1867年）の4回目の上京（3月25日鹿児島発、4月12日京都着）では、松平春嶽、山内容堂、伊達宗城と四侯会議を開き、開港予定の布告期限が迫っていた兵庫（現兵庫県神戸市）開港問題や、前年9月の再征の休戦（事実上の幕府の敗北）後保留されたままの長州藩処分問題をめぐり、四侯連携のもとで将軍慶喜と協議することを確認する。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス
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