英和和英

語源

From essential +‎ -ism.

名詞

essentialism (countable and uncountable, plural essentialisms)

1. (philosophy) The view that objects have properties that are essential to them.
   • 1991, Garth L. Hallett, Essentialism: A Wittgensteinian Critique, →ISBN, page 2:

     More problematic is the essentialism that interests modal logicians, namely "the view that some attributes belong to an object by necessity whereas others belong to it contingently."

   • 2004, Kelly James Clark, Richard Lints, James K. A. Smith, 101 Key Terms in Philosophy and Their Importance for Theology, →ISBN, page 21:

     Opponents of essentialism argue that "essences" are simply creations of language and culture.

2. (sociology) The view that all members of certain groups of people (such as those with the same race, gender, age, or sexual orientation) have common, essential traits inherent to the defining feature of the group; (also) behavior or statement(s) that reflect such a view.

   Coordinate term: essentialization

   • 2007, Luisa Fernanda Ramirez, Dual Intergroup Meanings of Essentialism, →ISBN, page 8:

     A closer examination of the components of essentialism is required for a better understanding of the relation between essentialism and prejudice toward the two social categories of interest in this dissertation, African Americans and gay men.

   • 2013, Anne Phillips, Gender and Culture, →ISBN:

     Like most of those who use the term, I continue to think essentialism a bad thing, but what exactly is wrong with it? Is it a matter of degree, a question of context or something that must be avoided at all costs?

   • 2013, Brackette Williams, Women Out of Place, →ISBN:

     I think we need to sophisticate our understanding of cultural essentialisms, including gender ones, because it might help us deal better with issues of resistance.

   • 2015, Pramod K. Nayar, The Postcolonial Studies Dictionary, →ISBN, page 68:

     Colonial discourse relied heavily on such essentialisms wherein a race or ethnic group was first represented as possessing certain key features and then those very features were 'applied' to all members of the group.

   • 2020, Annie Jones, “Incels and the Manosphere: Tracking Men's Movements Online”, in University of Central Florida‎, page 5:

     Previous literature tracks the trajectory of gender theories from biological essentialism to social construction.

   • 2025 June 7, Jason Wilson, “Harvard author Steven Pinker appears on podcast linked to scientific racism”, in The Guardian‎, →ISSN:

     The appearance underlines past incidents in which Pinker has encountered criticism for his association with advocates of so-called “human biodiversity”, which other academics have called a “rebranding” of racial genetic essentialism and scientific racism.

3. (education) The doctrine that there are certain traditional concepts, values, and skills that are essential to society and should be taught to all students.
   • 2004, Arthur K. Ellis, Exemplars of Curriculum Theory, →ISBN, page 109:

     If a curriculum is dedicated to getting back to the basics, then we can be sure that the guiding philosophy is that of essentialism.

   • 2011, Thomas E. Smith, Clifford E. Knapp, Sourcebook of Experiential Education, →ISBN:

     Arguments of “back to basics” are usually associated with essentialism, and many contemporary educational theorists still suggest that the “nonessentials” should be taken out of the school curriculum.

4. A lifestyle that seeks to minimize nonessentials in order to focus on what is important.
   • 2014, Greg McKeown, Essentialism: The Disciplined Pursuit of Less, →ISBN, page 4:

     In this example is the basic value proposition of Essentialism: only once you give yourself permission to stop trying to do it all, to stop saying yes to everyone, can you make your highest contribution towards the things that really matter.

   • 2015 September 9, Chris Danforth, “A First Look at ETQ's New Flagship Space in Amsterdam”, in Highsnobiety:

     As a brand, ETQ is built around a philosophy which is entirely dedicated to essentialism. Everything from the creation of the label to the design of each product is inspired by three principles: simplicity, timelessness and quality.

5. (philosophy) The theory that human beings are by nature (i.e. essentially) good and that evil is the product of society.
   • 2007, Mark Sydney Cladis, Public Vision, Private Lives, →ISBN, page 85:

     I should also mention that Rousseau's essentialism, unlike many of his contemporaries', is rather limited.

   • 2015 June 17, Rachel Spence, “Henri Rousseau: Archaic Candour, Palazzo Ducale, Venice”, in Financial Times:

     But they fed what they saw as raw, unguarded essentialism into work that was anything but naive. Rousseau was a naïf himself; his work as seductively strange to the other modernists as an ancient Iberian sculpture or a child’s drawing.

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