2. 近くの物体よりも遠くの物体の方がよく見えるという異常な状態(abnormal condition in which vision for distant objects is better than for near objects)
3. 45才以降、水晶体の弾力の損失に起因する、近い物に焦点を合わせることに対しての低下した能力(a reduced ability to focus on near objects caused by loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens after age 45)