英和和英

語源

From Polish gmina, from Middle High German gemeine, gemeinde. Doublet of mean, common, and commune.

発音

• IPA: /ɡəˈmiːnə/, /ˈɡmiːnə/

名詞

gmina (plural gminas or gminy)

1. commune; municipality; township; the smallest administrative territorial division and the first level of regional government in Poland
   • 1983, Edward D[avis] Wynot, Jr., “Notes to Chapter Three”, in Warsaw Between the World Wars: Profile of the Capital City in a Developing Land, 1918-1939 (East European Monographs; CXXIX), Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs; New York, N.Y.: Distributed by Columbia University Press, →ISBN, note 9, page 320:

     Details of the growth rates of individual gminy are in Skorowidz gmin Rzeczypospolitej Polski, Statystyka Polski GSU, Series B, pt. 1, no. 8 (Warsaw, 1933), p. 61.

   • 1994 December, “[[Public Sector Reform: Reducing the Size of the State] Decentralization of the Public Sector] Three Years of Decentralization”, in Poland: Policies for Growth with Equity (A World Bank Country Study), Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, →ISBN, page 56:

     The current administration withdrew the legislative proposal to create powaits but maintained the decision of the previous administration to move forward on a powait pilot program. The pilot program is limited to the 46 gminy with populations of nine than 100,000, which together account for about one-third of Poland’s population. The powiat pilot program was launched in January 1994. At that time, agreements with 43 gminy were in force, and gminy were responsible for education (35 gminy), secondary health (32), social welfare (19), and culture (30) (see box 2.5).

   • 1995, Robert E[dward] Blobaum, “[Russian State, Polish Society] The Impact of Agrarian Reform”, in Rewolucja: Russian Poland, 1904–1907, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, published 2016, →ISBN, page 14:

     These institutions of self-government in the Polish countryside, initially designed to empower the peasantry at the expense of the manors, were gradually transformed into instruments of the ruling bureaucracy. Centralization and merger of gminy provided one means to this end. Of the 3,083 gminy in existence in 1864, only 1,287 remained forty years later. The contraction of gminy made it easier for centrally appointed county officials to interfere in local affairs.

派生語

• urban-rural gmina

アナグラム

• gamin, migan, minga, Nigam, Aming, Magin, magni-