英和和英

語源

From Proto-West Germanic *etan, from Proto-Germanic *etaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed-.

発音

• IPA: /ˈe.tɑn/
• 韻: -e.tɑn

動詞

etan

1. to eat
   • late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies

     Ne lyst mē nāwiht ðāra metta þe ic forhātan habbe, ac mē lyst ðāra þe ic getiohhod habbe tō ætanne, ðonne ic hī gesēo.

     I desire none of those meats which I have renounced; I desire those which I have thought right to eat, when I see them.

   • late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans

     Wearð þæt unġemetlīċe myċle ġefeoht betwuh Crētense, ⁊ Atheniense, þǣm folcum. ⁊ þā Crētense hæfdon ðone grimlēċan siġe, ⁊ ealle þā æþelestan bearn þāra Athēniensa hȳ ġenomon, ⁊ sealdon þǣm Mīnōtaurō tō etanne, þæt wæs healf mon healf lēo.

     There was an immensely great war between the Cretans and the Athenians. And the Cretans won a grim victory, and they took all the most noble of the Athenian children and gave them to the Minotaur, who was half man and half lion, for him to eat.

使用する際の注意点

• Attested forms of the second and third person singular present tense of this verb are quite varied; the former is attested as itst, etest, etst, ytst, and ætst, and the latter as it, yt, ytt, et, ett, eteþ, ieteþ, yteþ, and iteþ.
• This should not, however, be taken to imply the phonological reality of all such attested forms. Confusion of ⟨i⟩, ⟨y⟩ and ⟨ie⟩ is frequent in West Saxon documents, and instances of these spellings almost certainly represent underlying, etymological /i/. The form ætst is likely an instance of false Saxonization of ⟨e⟩ of the kind occasionally evinced when a West Saxon scribe grows accustomed to mechanically replacing the ⟨e⟩ of a West Mercian or Kentish exemplar with the ⟨æ⟩ of his native dialect, or, conversely, it may be a hypercorrection committed by a speaker of one of these dialects overproducing forms in ⟨æ⟩ in an unsuccessful attempt to conform to the Late West Saxon Schriftsprache. Forms without syncope are expected in Anglian, and in West Mercian at least such forms ought also to evince i-umlaut (if not the far earlier Germanic raising of *e to *i in this environment), e.g. iteþ. The West Saxon forms ought to evince both syncope and i-umlaut, but occasional failure of syncope in short-stemmed strong verbs and analogical reintroduction of ⟨e⟩ may yield forms such as iteþ and eteþ alongside expected it(t), especially in Late West Saxon. Co-occurrence of forms with and without a final geminate is also to be expected, though it should be noted that the geminate existed only at the phonological level; thus, variation in the spelling e.g. of it(t) attests only to uncertainty by the scribes whether to give precedence to underlying /itt/ or surface [it].
• The only possible 2nd and 3rd person singular stems of this word on a deep phonological are thus et-, it-, and, with analogical transferal of mutated /eo/ from forms such as dialectical eotan, theoretically also eot- (iot- or iat- in Kentish). The 3rd person singular ending may appear as -eþ syncopated -t, -þ or -∅ when the final geminate goes unexpressed, more rarely as -es or -et, and the 2nd person singular ending may be -es, -est, or syncopated -st, with rarer possibilities including -esþ, -s, -sþ, and even -eþ. Note that the -e- of either ending may appear as -i- in early texts. From the forms given here, a nigh exhaustive list of genuine possible variants of the 2nd and 3rd person singular of this word may be generated.

Conjugation

Preterite singular ǣt for æt is unexpected and sets this word and derivatives such as fretan apart from other verbs of class V like cweþan and wrecan. Anomalous length of the vowel is nevertheless confirmed by comparative evidence, at least for early Old English; see Proto-Germanic *etaną for details. The exceptional nature of this form renders it vulnerable to analogical shortening, however, and although vowel length is orthographically invisible in West Saxon ⟨æt⟩, this is not so in the Anglian and Kentish dialects of Old English, since early in the prehistory of these dialects stressed *ǣ was raised to *ē. Analogically shortened æt is in fact recorded in late Northumbrian Old English and co-occurs with expected ēt.

派生語

• āetan
• efnetan
• ġeetan
• þurhetan

派生した語

• Middle English: eten, eete, eeten, ete, etin, ethe, ette, æten, etenn (Early Middle English), etyn (East Anglia)
  • English: eat
  • Middle Scots: eit, eyt
    • Scots: eat, ait, aet
  • Yola: ayth, eight