英和和英

名詞

graphogram (plural graphograms) (rare)

1. (obsolete) A wax cylinder on which a message is recorded.

   Coordinate term: graphophone

   • 1880 August 7, R.W. Haynes, the Third Assistant Postmaster-General, Official Opinions of the Assistant-General for the Post-Office Department from April 29, 1885, to March 17, 1892. Number from 487 to 1030, inclusive. Volume II, Washington: Government Printing Office, published 1905, Opinion No. 868, page 718:

     Sir: I am in receipt of your communication of the 21st ultimo wherein you say “there appears to be a diversity of opinions among postmasters relative to the rate of postage properly chargeable on phonograms and graphograms designations now commonly applied to messages impressed on wax cylinders by the phonograph and graphophone,“ and requesting that I give you my opinion upon the question.
     In answer to the above inquiry I have the honor to state that I have examined into the subject with the view of ascertaining whether such phonograms or graphograms would be included within that class of matter designated as first, third, or fourth class.
     These “graphograms,” I understand, are the wax cylinders upon which the messages are impressed and after such indentations are made become the means of transmitting a communication which can be read and understood by placing the cylinder so stamped or impressed in an instrument specially constructed for its use, and which transmits by sound the language indented on the wax cylinder. Before use the cylinder is properly classed as an article of merchandise, or fourth class matter; after use it possesses a different degree of value and classification, inasmuch as it then represents a message, letter, or communication from one person to another, rendered possible to be understood by a system of mechanism that from the series of minute indentures contained on the wax reproduces the human voice.

2. (obsolete) some nonsense in graphology, probably several kinds thereof. This term needs a definition. Please help out and add a definition, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
3. A written inkling of a name in a writing system incompletely rendering the phonological system of a language.
   • 2019 August 23, Oliver Kahl, “A Note on ‘Arabic’ صنجهل”, in Journal of Semitic Studies, volume 64, number 2, →DOI, pages 606–607:

     nowhere in Sanskrit literature do we find an individual’s name, never mind an astrologer’s name, which could have served even remotely as a base form for the Arabic graphograms. […] In the face of these findings, any attempt at explaining the Arabic graphograms must proceed from the premise of their validity and integrity or, in other words, from the presumed accuracy of their transmitted forms.

   • 2015, أبو بكر محمد بن زكريا الرازي (Rhazes), edited by Oliver Kahl, The Sanskrit, Syriac and Persian Sources in the Comprehensive Book of Rhazes (كتاب الحاوي) (Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies; 93), Leiden: Brill, published 2015, →ISBN, page 24:

     Thus, Manfred Ullmann (after the Sanskritist Adolf Stenzler) wants to amend the Arabic graphograms […] the Indologist Ronald Emmerick has demonstrated that solely on the basis of the Arabic graphograms and the Arabic ‘loan-translation’ of the title, the underlying Sanskrit word can only be Siddhasāra;