英和和英

語源

From Proto-Italic *əmproβwos. Equivalent to in- +‎ probus. Cognate with Oscan amprufid.

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈɪm.prɔ.bʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈim.pro.bus]

形容詞

improbus (feminine improba, neuter improbum, comparative improbior, superlative improbissimus, adverb improbē); first/second-declension adjective

1. excessive, immoderate, flagrant, impudent
2. greedy, wanton, ravenous
3. wicked, bad, villainous, immoral, impious, malicious, cruel, unprincipled, shameless
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.386:

     “[...] Dabis, improbe, poenās.”

     “You will be given — wicked [man]! — [your] punishments.”
     (Translations — Mackail, 1885: “Wretch, thou shalt repay!”; Knight, 1956: “You will have your punishment, you villain.”; Mandelbaum, 1971: “Depraved, you will then pay your penalties.”; Fitzgerald, 1981: “You will pay for this, unconscionable!”; West, 1990: “You will receive the punishment you deserve.”; Lombardo, 2005: “You will pay, you despicable liar,”; Fagles, 2006: “You’ll pay, you shameless, ruthless —”; Ahl, 2007: “There'll be no impunity. You'll pay.”; Ferry, 2017: “...wicked one. You will be punished.”; Bartsch, 2020: “Wicked man, you’ll pay.”; Ruden, 2021: “when you, at last, are paying.”)

4. indomitable

語形変化

First/second-declension adjective.

Usage

Given so many nuanced meanings of the word in context, varied understandings and translations of classical Latin may be possible, e.g.:

• 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.412:

  “Improbe Amor, quid nōn mortālia pectora cōgis?”

  “Indomitable Love: What do you not compel [in] human hearts?”
  “Wicked Love: What do you not compel [in] human hearts?”
  “Wanton Love: What do you not compel [in] human hearts?”

• 8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 2.331:

  noctis erat medium, quid nōn amor improbus audet?

  It was midnight – what doesn’t wanton desire dare?
  It was midnight – what doesn’t wicked lust dare?
  It was midnight – what doesn’t shameless passion dare?

派生語

• improbulus

派生した語

• Catalan: ímprobe
• French: improbe
• Portuguese: ímprobo
• Spanish: ímprobo
• Italian: improbo

参照

• “improbus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “improbus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "improbus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “improbus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • the aristocracy (as a party in politics): boni cives, optimi, optimates, also simply boni (opp. improbi); illi, qui optimatium causam agunt