英和和英

別の表記

• pampsychism

語源

From pan- +‎ psychism, a calque of German Panpsychismus (1874), from New Latin pampsychia coined by Francisco Patrizi in his 1591 Nova de Universis Philosophia, from Ancient Greek πᾰν- (păn-, “all”) + ψυχή (psukhḗ, “mind, life force, soul”) + -ία (-ía, “-ia: forming abstract nouns”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πάμψυχος (pámpsukhos, “in full life”) and Modern Greek παμψυχισμός (pampsychismós, “panpsychism”).

発音

• (General American) IPA: /pænˈsaɪˌkɪzəm/, /pænˈsaɪˌkɪzm/
• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /panˈsʌɪkɪzm/, /panˈsʌɪkɪzəm/

名詞

panpsychism (countable and uncountable, plural panpsychisms)

1. (uncountable) The belief that all matter is conscious in some form.
   • 2004, David S. Clarke, “Introduction”, in Panpsychism, SUNY Press, →ISBN, page 1 & 3:

     In very general terms, the thesis of panpsychism is that throughout nature there is mentality, that the mentality of which each of us is aware in our own thoughts and experiences is present in various forms in a wide range of natural bodies... Those that have minds (souls) are those whom we describe as seeing, hearing, feeling, and believing.

   • 2005, David Skrbina, Panpsychism in the West, MIT Press, →ISBN, pages 2–3:

     For such thinkers there is no reason to limit mind to humans and (perhaps) higher animals; in fact, they have reasons—both intuitive and rational—to claim that mind is best conceived as a general phenomenon of nature. As such, mind would exist, in some form, in all things. This concept is called panpsychism... As a meta-theory, it simply holds that, however one conceives of mind, such mind applies to all things... In the forms of animism and polytheism, it was probably the dominant view for most if not all of the pre-historical era. Eastern cultures have a nearly continuous record of panpsychist writings, right through the modern era... Aristotelian philosophy and Christian theology emerged and subverted it for a number of centuries, but it made a comeback with the naturalist philosophers of the sixteenth century.

   • 2014, “panpsychism”, in Tim Bayne, Axel Cleeremans, & Patrick Wilken, editors, The Oxford Companion to Consciousness, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 500:

     Depending on how these principles [fundamentality and ubiquity] are more exactly specified, many different forms of panpsychism can be developed. For example, if the fundamentality of the mental is taken as absolute, so that no other feature of reality is similarly ontologically basic, then panpsychism appears as *idealism or *phenomenalism... Panpsychism can be usefully contrasted with the opposing doctrine of *emergentism: the view that certain attributes apply to complex systems which do not apply to the systems' constituents.

   • 2021, Meghan O'Gieblyn, chapter 9, in God, Human, Animal, Machine […] , →ISBN:

     [Anne Conway's posthumous 1690] treatise [Principia Philosophiae Antiquissimae ac Recentissimae], the first philosophical paper published by a woman, was one of the first modern articulations of panpsychism, the idea that consciousness is fundamental to the natural world.

   • 2026 February 7, David Marchese, “Michael Pollan Says Humanity Is About to Undergo a Revolutionary Change”, in New York Times Magazine:

     Panpsychism is the idea that everything, every particle, the ink on the page, the atoms, all have some infinitesimal degree of psyche or consciousness, and somehow this consciousness is combined in some way from our cells and the rest of our bodies to create this kind of superconsciousness. It sounds crazy. There are some very serious people who believe in it.

2. (uncountable) Synonym of panexperientialism, the particular form of panpsychism that holds experience but not cognition as universal.
3. (countable) A particular form of panpsychism.
   • 1961, Victor Lowe, “The Approach to Metaphysics”, in Ivor Leclerc, editor, The Relevance of Whitehead, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), published 2013, →ISBN, page 207:

     Whitehead devised such a conception, which to my mind definitely supersedes the panpsychisms of the history of metaphysics.

   • 1975, John Howie, Thomas O. Buford, editors, Contemporary Studies in Philosophical Idealism, C. Stark, →ISBN, page 75:

     The genius of modern panpsychisms has proved to be their capacity to incorporate rather than reject the mechanistic point of view.

   • 1997, David Ray Griffin, Parapsychology, Philosophy, and Spirituality: A Postmodern Exploration, State University of New York Press, →ISBN, page 111:

     This seems to be due to one factor that they all—the various idealisms, phenomenalisms, positivisms, and panpsychisms—have in common: They reject, or at least fail to endorse, the idea of “matter.”

使用する際の注意点

Contemporary scholars discussing the philosophy of mind often distinguish panpsychism in their work from the following beliefs that, strictly speaking, might otherwise be considered to fall under its general definition:

• pancognitivism, the belief that all matter possesses cognition in some form, common in early forms of panpsychism or its more general conception
• animism, the belief that all matter possesses or is inhabited by more or less anthropomorphic spirits, common to many traditional religions
• pantheism, the belief that all matter possesses or is part of a single God or similar single divine principle such as a world soul, common in mysticism
• panentheism, the belief that all matter includes or interacts in some way with a single God or similar single divine principle that somehow transcends physical reality
• pansensism and hylopathism, beliefs holding that all matter is able to sense its surroundings in some form
• hylozoism, panbiotism, and panzoism, beliefs holding that all matter is alive in some form

下位語

• (general): panexperientialism, pancognitivism, hylopathism

等位語

• (belief that all matter is conscious in some way): emergentism
• (belief that all matter experiences in some way): pancognitivism

関連する語

参照

• “panpsychism, n.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.

Further reading

• emergentism on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• reductionism on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• philosophy of mind on Wikipedia.Wikipedia