Wiktionary英語版
出典：Wiktionary
arduus
出典:『Wiktionary』 (2025/11/13 02:01 UTC 版)
語源
Disputed.
- Perhaps from Proto-Italic *arðwos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- + *-wós (whence Latin -uus). The development of the Latin term is slightly unusual, as the sequence *-rdʰ- typically produces Latin -rb. According to De Vaan, it is possible that *-w- in the pre-form may have prevented the development into a labial, thereby explaining the Latin term.
- Alternatively, the linguist Nicholas Zair derives the term from *h₂r̥Hdʰ-ew-, the weak stem of a Proto-Indo-European u-stem adjective. According to this theory, the term would follow a development from *h₂r̥Hdʰ-ew- > *aradʰ-ew- > *arad-ew-, whence ultimately arduus.
- The linguist Robert Woodhouse proposes that a sequence *Hh₃r̥dʰwo- could produce arduus via sound development of *HHC- to Latin aC-.
Cognate with Latin arbor (“tree”), Welsh ardd (“high; hill”), Old Irish ard (“high; height”), Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”), Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá, “rising upwards, high”).
発音
- (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈar.du.ʊs]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈar.d̪u.us]
語形変化
First/second-declension adjective.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | arduus | ardua | arduum | arduī | arduae | ardua | |
| genitive | arduī | arduae | arduī | arduōrum | arduārum | arduōrum | |
| dative | arduō | arduae | arduō | arduīs | |||
| accusative | arduum | arduam | arduum | arduōs | arduās | ardua | |
| ablative | arduō | arduā | arduō | arduīs | |||
| vocative | ardue | ardua | arduum | arduī | arduae | ardua | |
派生語
- arduitās
- perarduus
派生した語
参照
- “arduus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “arduus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “arduus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 52-53
- Nicholas Zair (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic (Brill's studies in Indo-European languages & linguistics), Brill, →ISBN, pages 40-41
- Robert Woodhouse (1 January 2011), “Lubotsky's and Beekes' laws, PIE *(H)r-, *(H)i(V)-, *a and some other laryngeal matters”, in Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia, volume 16, page 162
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