英和和英

語源

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrendʰ- (“to crush; gnash”), cognate with Proto-Germanic *grindaną (“to grind”). Another plausible cognate is Lithuanian grę́sti (“to plane, scour”), but this requires an alternative root ending in *-d-.

Sihler considers the development of *gʷʰr- to Latin fr- in this word surprising since a labiovelar consonant was generally delabialized in Latin when followed by another consonant (e.g. *gʷréh₂us > gravis). However, Sihler notes that the cluster *-gʷʰr- also retained its labialization in medial position, judging by the form of Latin febris from *dʰegʷʰ-. A separate cause of doubt is that *gʰ- seems to have developed into a voiced stop g- in word-initial position before r or l in some Latin words, such as glaber. However, examples such as glaber are rare, and their precise cause is disputed. Weiss 2018 argues that the g- in glaber was caused by a process of aspirate dissimilation that can be dated after a change from *-ndʰ- to *-nd- in Proto-Italic: this chronology would prevent dissimilation from applying to the root *gʷʰrendʰ-.

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈfrɛn.doː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈfrɛn.do]

動詞

frendō (present infinitive frendere, perfect active frenduī, supine frēsum or fressum); third conjugation

1. (intransitive, of teeth) to grind, gnash
2. (transitive) to crush or grind to pieces
3. (transitive) to lament over with rage, gnash the teeth

Conjugation

派生語

• frendēscō
• frendor
• *frēsare (Vulgar Latin)
• infrendō

派生した語

• Catalan: fresar, fresa (possibly)
• Sicilian: frisari, fresa
• Spanish: fresar, fresa (possibly)

参照

Further reading

• “frendo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “frendo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “frendo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.