英和和英

語源

From Latin longitūdin- + -al, from oblique stem of Latin longitūdō, from longus +‎ -tūdō. By surface analysis, longitude +‎ -al.

発音

• (英国発音)
  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˌlɒŋ.ɡɪˈtjuː.dɪ.nəl/
  • (Standard Southern British) IPA: /ˌlɔŋ.ɡɪˈtʃʉw.dɪ.nəl/
• (General American) IPA: /ˌlɔn.dʒɪˈtu.dɪ.nəl/, (weak vowel merger) /ˌlɔn.dʒəˈtu.də.nəl/
  • (cot–caught merger) IPA: /ˌlɑn.dʒɪˈtu.dɪ.nəl/, (weak vowel merger) /ˌlɑn.dʒəˈtu.də.nəl/
• (Canada) IPA: /ˌlɒŋ.dʒəˈtu.də.nəl/
• (Australian) IPA: /ˌlɔŋ.ɡəˈtʃʉː.də.nəl/
• (New Zealand) IPA: /ˌlɒŋ.ɡəˈtʃʉː.də.nəl/, [ˌlɔ̟ŋɡəˈtʃʉːdənəl]

形容詞

longitudinal (not comparable)

1. Running across a set direction of an object.

   Synonym: lengthwise

   Coordinate term: transverse

   The motion about the longitudinal axis of an airplane is called roll.

   • 1847, editorial staff, “Winnowing Machines”, in Scientific American, series 1, Volume 3, Issue 9, page 68:

     ...forming the bottom of the hopper, in combination with the recriprocating longitudinal movement of the same, for the purpose of regulating the feed from the hopper, substantially as herein set forth.

   1. (anatomy) Running in the direction of the long axis of a body.

      Synonyms: craniocaudal, cephalocaudal, rostrocaudal

      • 1960 November, “New electric multiple-units for British Railways: Glasgow Suburban”, in Trains Illustrated, page 660:

        The units have transverse seats, two and three astride the passageway with single or double longitudinal seats alongside the two entrance vestibules in each car.

      • 2008, Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett, editors, Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, Routledge, →ISBN, page 165:

        The third rotation is about the longitudinal axis of the thigh.

      • 2023 February 22, Paul Stephen, “TfL reveals first of new B23s for Docklands Light Railway”, in RAIL, number 977, page 12:

        Unlike the older trains, the new units have walk-through carriages and longitudinal rather than transverse seating.

2. Relating to the geographical longitude.

   Coordinate term: latitudinal

   The longitudinal position of a ship refers to its angular distance east or west from the prime meridian.

3. (sciences) Of a study, sampling data over time rather than merely once.

   Coordinate term: cross-sectional

   longitudinal studies

   • 2010 March 1, Don Peck, “How a New Jobless Era Will Transform America”, in The Atlantic‎:

     Examining national longitudinal data, Mossakowski has found that people who were unemployed for long periods in their teens or early 20s are far more likely to develop a habit of heavy drinking (five or more drinks in one sitting) by the time they approach middle age.

派生語

名詞

longitudinal (plural longitudinals)

1. Any longitudinal piece, as in shipbuilding etc.
2. (rail transport) A railway sleeper lying parallel with the rail.

Further reading

• “longitudinal”, in Cambridge English Dictionary, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, 1999–present.
• “longitudinal”, in Collins English Dictionary, 2011–present.
• “longitudinal”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.
• “longitudinal”, in Merriam-Webster.com Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
• “longitudinal”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• “longitudinal, adj.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.