Wiktionary英語版
出典：Wiktionary
vernus
出典:『Wiktionary』 (2026/05/09 21:31 UTC 版)
語源
Ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (“spring”) (also reconstructed alternatively as *wésr̥ or *wḗsr̥), the root of Latin vēr (“spring”). The details of the derivation differ between sources. Possibly the reflex of a deadverbial adjective in *-no- built on a locative form of the Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ / *wésr̥ / *wḗsr̥ noun. According to one hypothesis, *vērno- developed from syncope of *-i- in a pre-form *vēri-no-, built on a reconstructed locative singular case-form *vēri (compare the leveled stem vēr- seen in inflected forms of the Latin noun vēr). Gąsiorowski 2012 instead proposes the following derivation from the PIE locative stem *wesri, where the final Latin form vernus results from haplology or syncope of *er: *wesri-no- → *wezr̥₂no- → *wererno- → vernus. As an alternative to derivation from a locative form, De Vaan suggests that the word could come from *wesinos (with rhotacism of *s and syncope of *i). By surface analysis, vēr + -nus.
発音
- (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈweːr.nʊs], [ˈwɛr.nʊs]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈvɛr.nus]
- There seems to be no definite evidence of the length of the vowel in the first syllable in Classical Latin. Some etymologies imply an originally short vowel; furthermore, it is hypothesized that at certain points in time, an originally long vowel in Latin was subject to shortening (called Osthoff's Law) before any consonant cluster starting with a resonant. On the other hand, some sources give the pronunciation of this word as vērnus because of the long vowel in the related noun vēr; it is plausible that analogical pressure from the noun could have resulted in the adjective having a long vowel in Classical Latin, even if a short vowel would be expected as the outcome of regular phonetic changes. (Compare the lack of Osthoff's Law–shortening in fūrtum (“theft”) from fūr (“thief”).)
語形変化
First/second-declension adjective.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | vē̆rnus | vē̆rna | vē̆rnum | vē̆rnī | vē̆rnae | vē̆rna | |
| genitive | vē̆rnī | vē̆rnae | vē̆rnī | vē̆rnōrum | vē̆rnārum | vē̆rnōrum | |
| dative | vē̆rnō | vē̆rnae | vē̆rnō | vē̆rnīs | |||
| accusative | vē̆rnum | vē̆rnam | vē̆rnum | vē̆rnōs | vē̆rnās | vē̆rna | |
| ablative | vē̆rnō | vē̆rnā | vē̆rnō | vē̆rnīs | |||
| vocative | vē̆rne | vē̆rna | vē̆rnum | vē̆rnī | vē̆rnae | vē̆rna | |
派生語
- vē̆rnō
参照
- ^ Szemerényi, Oswald (1959), “Latin hībernus and Greek χειμερινός”, in Glotta, volume 38, pages 113-114
- ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vēr”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 663-664: “Lat. vernus may reflect *u̯esinos, or, with Nussbaum, be delocatival from *vēri-no-.”
- ^ Nishimura, Kanehiro (2022), “‘Day’ and ‘night’ in Latin: The formation of temporal adjectives and adverbs”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 10, number 1, , page 130
- ^ Gąsiorowski, Piotr (2012), “The Germanic reflexes of PIE *-sr- in the context of Verner's Law”, in The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, , →ISSN, pages 117-129
- ^ Ollie Sayeed (1 January 2017), “Osthoff’s Law in Latin”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 5, number 1, Brill, →ISSN, page 157 of 147–177
- ^ Charles E. Bennett (1907), “Hidden Quantity”, in The Latin Language – a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, page 55
Further reading
- “vernus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “vernus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- "vernus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- “vernus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
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