1. 自分達の言語を原住民に課す、侵入している民族の言語に特徴を与える現地語(an indigenous language that contributes features to the language of an invading people who impose their language on the indigenous population)
2. 1つの層の下にある層(any stratum or layer lying underneath another)
3. 有機体が成長する、または付着する表面(a surface on which an organism grows or is attached)