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語源

From Latin os sacrum (“holy bone”), a calque of Ancient Greek ἱερὸν ὀστέον (hieròn ostéon). Apparently so called either because the sacrum was the part of the animal offered in sacrifice or because of a putative belief that it is where a person's soul resides. A third explanation is that the term is a translation of Ancient Greek ἱερόν (hierón), which has two meanings: “holy, sacred”, and “big” — big being a more appropriate description of the sacrum — but compare.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA: /ˈsækɹəm/, /ˈseɪkɹəm/

名詞

sacrum (plural sacra or sacrums)

1. (anatomy) A large triangular bone at the base of the spine, located between the two ilia (wings of the pelvis) and formed from vertebrae that fuse in adulthood.

   Synonym: (obsolete) holy bone

派生語

• sacral

関連する語

• nomen sacrum

参照

アナグラム

• Marcus

別の表記

• sacrom (Old Latin)

語源

From sacer (“sacred, holy”).

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈsa.krũː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈsaː.krum]

名詞

sacrum n (genitive sacrī); second declension

1. A holy or sacred object, e.g. statue, image, emblem, vessel, utensil.
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.293:

     “‘Sacra suōsque tibī commendat Troia penātēs.’”

     [Aeneas dreams that Hector tells him:] “‘Troy entrusts to you her sacred objects and household gods.’”

2. A holy or sacred place, e.g. sanctuary, shrine, temple.
3. A religious act or observance, e.g. a sacrifice, festival, rite.
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.50:

     “Tū modo posce deōs veniam, sacrīsque litātīs, [...].”

     “You have only to ask the gods for their pardon, and after you have propitiated them with sacrifices, [...].”
     (In other words, Anna assumes that these sacrificial rites will earn Dido a favorable divine response.)

4. Divine worship or religion.
   • c. 54-51 B.C.E., Cicero, De re publica, 2.7.13

     quo foedere et Sabinos in civitatem adscivit sacris conmunicatis et regnum suum cum illorum rege sociavit

     By this compact he admitted the Sabines into the city, gave them a participation in the religious ceremonies, and divided his power with their king.

5. The private religious rites of a family.
   • c. 51 B.C.E., Cicero, De Legibus, 2.9.22

     sacra privata perpetua manento

     Let private devotions be perpetually practised.

6. (only in plural) Poems (as sacred to the muse).
   • c. 8-18 AD, Ovid, Tristia, 4.10.19

     at mihi iam puero caelestia sacra placebant inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus

     But even as a boy the heavenly poems delighted me, and the Muse was drawing me secretly to her work.

7. (only in plural, post-Augustan) Secrets, mysteries.
   • 8 AD, Ovid, Metamorphoses, 7.709

     sacra tori coitusque novos thalamosque recentes primaque deserti referebam foedera lecti

     I told Aurora of our wedding secrets and all refreshing mysteries of coition – and my first union on my now-deserted couch.

語形変化

Second-declension noun (neuter).

形容詞

sacrum

1. inflection of sacer:
   1. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular
   2. accusative masculine singular

関連する語

参照

• “sacrum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “sacrum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "sacrum", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “sacrum”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to be present at divine service (of the people): sacris adesse
    
  • to be initiated into the mysteries of a cult: sacris initiari (Quintil. 12. 10. 14)
    
  • (ambiguous) ritual; ceremonial: sacra, res divinae, religiones, caerimoniae
    
  • (ambiguous) to sacrifice: sacra, sacrificium facere (ἱερὰ ῥέζειν), sacrificare
    
  • (ambiguous) to profane sacred rites: sacra polluere et violare
    
• “sacrum”, in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly