英和和英

語源

From or related to Etruria (compare Tuscus). Probably related to Umbrian Turskum, and Ancient Greek Τυρρηνός (Turrhēnós), Τυρσηνός (Tursēnós), from τύρρις (túrrhis, “tower”), τύρσις (túrsis), itself of pre-Indo-European origin, in which case Τυρσηνός (Tursēnós) might be a native Etruscan word simply meaning "tower people" (as opposed to the Rasennae, see below). See Τυρσηνία.

Helmut Rix, based on the distinction made by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, assumed that Latin tusci, Umbrian Turskum (nomen), Ancient Greek Τυρσηνοί (Tursēnoí), derived from the original Etruscan name, while Rasna (from Etruscan 𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀 (rasna), and whence Rasennae), like populus, originally designated the part of the population of Etruria which had political responsibility.

A theory by Vladimir Georgiev suggested that the word had the same root as Τρῶες (Trôes, “Trojans”) and Troy. Philip Baldi criticized this specific proposal as not standing "up to linguistic scrutiny," citing problems like the "spurious metathesis of r and the following vowel in Gk. Τυρσηνοί". On the other hand, Beekes, in support of an origin of the Etruscan language from Northwest Anatolia, suggested that the metathesis may have been motivated by the unexplained prefixed e- in the form *e-trus-cus. Beekes's proposal has been critically assessed by specialists. Wallace (2005) noted that the alleged Etruscan-Lydian loanwords on which Beekes relies are "difficult to evaluate" since "for many vocabulary items the correspondences are not convincing in terms of phonology or semantics," that there is "no evidence in late Bronze Age materials from Etruria that points to a migration of peoples," and that any hypothesis must account for Raetic, linguistically related to Etruscan, which Beekes largely ignores. Smith (2005) found the argument "unpersuasive in essence," noting that the etymological arguments "do not prove an Etruscan connection" and that the eastern attributes of Etruscan culture "are often the product of acculturation or the synthesizing minds of later historians."

In the past, other scholars have proposed that the term might be Celtic.

Adrian Room compares other language isolate ethnonyms, such as Basque, hinted by the -sc- element found in Etruscus, Vascones, and older Latin forms ligusc* of Ancient Greek Λίγυς (Lígus); see Liguria.