英和和英

語源

From Old French specifique, from Late Latin specificus (“specific, particular”), from Latin speciēs (“kind”) + -ific.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /spɪˈsɪf.ɪk/
• (General American, Canada, General Australian) IPA: /spɪˈsɪf.ɪk/, /spəˈsɪf.ɪk/
• (New Zealand) IPA: /spəˈsəf.ək/
• (Hong Kong) IPA: /spɛkˈsi.fɪk/
• (Indic) IPA: /ˈspɛ.sɪ.fɪk/, /ˈspɛs.fɪk/
• ハイフネーション: spe‧cif‧ic
• 韻: -ɪfɪk

形容詞

specific (comparative more specific, superlative most specific)

1. Explicit or definite.
   • 2025 August 20, Ashlyn Barry, Justin A. Haegele, Daniel Schaefer, Kristen A. Pickett, Luis Columna, “Autistic Young Adults’ Experiences and Recommendations for Strength Training”, in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders‎, →DOI:

     While some participants, like Gabi and Jasmine, had access to a gym but still felt uncertain about using specific types of equipment, others who trained at home faced even greater challenges due to the absence of both a coach and proper equipment.

2. (bioscience, taxonomy) Pertaining to a species, as a taxon or taxa at the rank of species.

   Hyponyms: monospecific, multispecific, oligospecific, paucispecific

   Holonyms: generic, familial

   Meronyms: infrasubspecific, infraspecific, subspecific

   • 2008, Richard Dawkins, The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing, Oxford, published 2009, page 3:

     Science and literature, then, are the two achievements of Homo sapiens that most convincingly justify the specific name.

3. (sometimes in combination) Special, distinctive or unique.
   • 2023 April 26, Rayna Skiver, “Actually Bad for Kids? Here’s What Experts Say”, in Green Matters‎:

     A psychologist told WJLA TV that, for the most part, this isn’t a Cocomelon-specific issue. The main issue is too much screen time and children's shows with fast-paced sequences.

4. intended for, or applying to, a particular thing.
5. Serving to identify a particular thing (often a disease or condition), with little risk of mistaking something else for it.

   a highly specific test    specific and nonspecific symptoms

6. Being a remedy for a particular disease on a deeper level, rather than just masking the symptoms

   Quinine is a specific medicine in cases of malaria.

   Any improvement in secondary sciatica is probably due to the analgesic action of the sodium salicylate, but in primary sciatica, in all likelihood “rheumatic,” the effect of the sodium salicylate appears to be specific rather than symptomatic.

   • 1830 May 23, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, “Constitutional and Functional Life—Hysteria—Hydro-carbonic Gas—Bitters and Tonics—Specific Medicines”, in H[enry] N[elson] C[oleridge], editor, Specimens of the Table Talk of the Late Samuel Taylor Coleridge. […], volume I, London: John Murray, […], published 1835, →OCLC, page 147:

     The study of specific medicines is too much disregarded now. No doubt, the hunting after specifics is a mark of ignorance and weakness in medicine, yet the neglect of them is proof also of immaturity; for, in fact, all medicines will be found specific in the perfection of science.

7. (immunology) Limited to a particular antibody or antigen.
8. (physics) Of a value divided by mass (e.g. specific orbital energy).
9. (physics) Similarly referring to a value divided by any measure which acts to standardize it (e.g. thrust specific fuel consumption, referring to fuel consumption divided by thrust)
10. (physics) A measure compared with a standard reference value by division, to produce a ratio without unit or dimension (e.g. specific refractive index is a pure number, and is relative to that of air).

同意語

• (explicit, definite): express, monosemous, unambiguous; see also Thesaurus:explicit
• (special, distinctive or unique): singular; see also Thesaurus:unique
• (intended for a particular thing): peculiar, singular; see also Thesaurus:specific

反意語

• unspecific, nonspecific
• (antonym(s) of “intended for a particular thing”): broad, general, generic, universal; see also Thesaurus:generic

下位語

派生語

参考

• generic

名詞

specific (plural specifics)

1. A distinguishing attribute or quality.
2. A remedy for a specific disease or condition.
   • 1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter IX, in Romance and Reality. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 201:

     Change of scene, and a new lover, are infallible specifics, always supposing there is no character for constancy to be supported: if I witness the violent sorrow of to-day, I impose upon to-morrow the necessity of being sorry also.

   • 1891 January 3, I. Gollancz, “Widishins”, in The Academy, London, page 14, column 3:

     If Burd Ellen had gone “widishins" round the church, she would, I think, have used the best homoeopathic specific against the Elf-King's power; for "to go widishins" was the chief element in elfin practices, and if mortals wished to resist or unspell elf-craft, they, too, had "to go widershins," or they had to repeat the Paternoster backwards, which came to the same thing, or do something else contrariwise.

   • 1961, Harry E. Wedeck, Dictionary of Aphrodisiacs, New York: The Citadel Press, page 228:

     A compound of spurge, cardamom, cinnamon of Mecca, pellitory, ginger, nettle seed is an Arab specific for sexual weakness.

   • 1968, Charles Portis, True Grit:

     I had no unreasonable fear of bats, […] yet I knew them too for carriers of the dread “Hydrophobia,” for which there was no specific.

3. Specification
4. (in the plural) The details; particulars.
5. (toponymy) The distinguishing part of a toponym.

   Antonym: generic

   • 2024 July 29, “geographical names: translation”, in Writing Tips Plus‎, Ottawa: Translation Bureau, retrieved 9 November 2024:

     With the exception of names of pan-Canadian significance and some alternate forms approved by provincial authorities, the specific is not translated.

参照

Further reading

• “specific”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “specific”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
• “specific”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.