英和和英

名詞

koinai

1. plural of koine
   • 1989, Rivista Di Linguistica, page 40:

     As to the Italian situation, John Trumper’s now classical diagnosis (Trumper 1997) seems a noteworthy example. He distinguishes two types of diglossia, and defines them on the basis of the relationship that, within the repertoire, dialects and dialectal koinai have with regional varieties of Italian.

   • 1998, Giulio Lepschy, editor, History of Linguistics: Renaissance and Early Modern Linguistics, London; New York, N.Y., →ISBN, page 18:

     The processes of standardization of the vernacular languages, which took place in such different ways in the various countries during the sixteenth century, first of all came up against the irregularities in orthography common in the various traditions, inherited from the age in which the circulation of vernacular writings of a practical nature was generally more limited to local areas, and the overwhelming prestige of Latin had left the vernaculars, even in their literary manifestations, in a state of semi-spontaneity or experimentalism which did not give them the strength to go beyond the dimension of the regional koinai.

   • 2005, Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, second edition:

     From the present point of view, it seems very likely that the resemblances among the urban dialects are the consequence of continous convergence and the mutual leveling of several regional koinai (see the summary in Miller, 1986).

   • 2005, Peter Auer, “Europe’s sociolinguistic unity, or: A typology of European dialect/standard constellations”, in Nicole Delbecque, Johan van der Auwera, and Dirk Geeraerts, editors, Perspectives on Variation: Sociolinguistic, Historical, Comparative (Trends in Linguistics. Studies かつ Monographs [TiLSM]; 163), Berlin; New York, N.Y.: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 10:

     Also, it should be noted that the vernaculars sometimes underwent horizontal levelling (koineisation) before the onset of standardisation. Examples are the dialect koinai of southern, especially Andalusian Spanish which developed in the late Middle Ages (thirteenth to fifteenth century) before standardisation set in (Villena 1996).

   • 2017, Michael Dietler, “Anthropological Reflections on the Koine Concept: Linguistic Analogies and Material Worlds”, in Søren Handberg and Anastasia Gadolou, editors, Material Koinai in the Greek Early Iron Age and Archaic Period: Acts of an International Conference at the Danish Institute at Athens, 30 January – 1 February 2015 (Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens; volume 22), Aarhus University Press and the Danish Institute at Athens, →ISBN, ISSN 1397-1433, page 20, column 2:

     Moreover, the degree of formal simplicity is much greater with pidgins than with koinai, to the extent that pidgins may be mutually unintelligible with their parent languages, whereas this is not the case with koinai. Sociolinguists have further refined the concept to discuss such things as distinctions between so-called ‘regional’ koinai (of which the original Greek koine is an example) versus ‘immigrant’ koinai (such as Israeli Hebrew または Fiji Hindustani), and ‘natural’ koinai (such as some German varieties examined by Mühlhäusler).