1. 生体にあったときになるべく近い関係を保つために、組織標本を硬化させて保持すること(the preservation and hardening of a tissue sample to retain as nearly as possible the same relations they had in the living body)
2. 所定の位置にしっかり何かを固定する活動(the activity of fastening something firmly in position)
3. ある物や人に対する病的で強迫的な執着(an unhealthy and compulsive preoccupation with something or someone)
4. 発育が早い段階で止まっている異常な状態(an abnormal state in which development has stopped prematurely)