英和和英

語源

From caleō +‎ -idus. Cognate with Umbrian calersu. The origin of the sense “with a white mark on the forehead” is unknown. It may be related to Ancient Greek κηλάς (kēlás, “(female goat) with a mark on [her] forehead”). The philologist Alan Nussbaum proposes that the Latin term may have been borrowed from a South Italian Doric variation, *κᾱλαδ- (*kālad-, “spotted”). Although a Proto-Indo-European root *kel- can be reconstructed, De Vaan rejects this etymology as he regards the shift from *kel- to *kal- as improbable.

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈka.lɪ.dʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈkaː.li.dus]

形容詞

calidus (feminine calida, neuter calidum, comparative calidior, superlative calidissimus); first/second-declension adjective

1. (literary) warm, hot

   Synonyms: (informal) caldus, (archaic) formus

   Antonym: frigidus

2. fiery, fierce, vehement
3. spirited, impassioned
4. rash, eager, inconsiderate
5. (rare) having a white spot on the forehead
   • 4th-century CE, Chiron Centaurus, Mulomedicina 795:

     iumento ut albam maculam facias quoquo loco, fabam sine sale coques et ferventem inpones, ut pilus cadat. eum locum lipara curabis. hoc facies et si volueris calidum facere.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • c. 600 CE – 625 CE, Isidorus Hispalensis, Etymologiae 12.1.52:

     Qui autem albos tantum pedes habent, petili appellantur; qui frontem albam, calidi.

     Those whose feet alone are white are called petili; those who have a white forehead, are called calidi

使用する際の注意点

• In the sense "hot water", the syncopated form calda is particularly common. Emperor Augustus "corrects [his grandson Gaius Caesar] for saying calidam rather than caldam, not because it's not Latin, but because it's annoying and, as he himself puts it in Greek, περίεργον (períergon, “affected, overdone”)".
• The form with -i- is completely absent from the surviving fragments of Petronius' Satyricon as inappropriate for representing informal speech, at least in the literal meaning.

語形変化

First/second-declension adjective.

反意語

• frīgidus, frī̆gdus

派生語

関連する語

派生した語

(Note: nearly all Romance descendants via the early syncopic form caldus.)

参照

Further reading

• “calidus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “calidus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "calidus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “calidus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cā̆lidus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 83
• Alan J. Nussbaum (1 January 1999), *Jocidus: an account of the Latin adjectives in -idus‎