営営の英語

こうした富豪層は田堵と呼ばれ、開発・集積した田地の経営（営田）や出挙の実施などで富を蓄積し、一般の百姓を自らの経営下に組み込んでいった。例文帳に追加

This wealthy class of peasants, who were called "tato" (cultivators), accumulated wealth by developing and integrating fields (Eiden), as well as performing suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through the 12th centuries), and gained control over the ordinary peasants by involving them in their business.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

平安時代あたりから公家や寺社を本所として販売の独占権や関税の免除などの特権を得る座と呼ばれる閉鎖的な商業独占体制は、成長する戦国大名によって自営営業を許す楽市楽座によって廃止の方向へ向かう。例文帳に追加

From about the Heian period onwards, there was an insular, monopolistic system of commerce centered around the za (guilds), under which each za had exclusive rights to sell their products tax-free to specific noblemen and/or temples and shrines, but with the free market, open guild system introduced thanks to the rise of the sengoku daimyo, who started to allow independent (i.e., non-guild) businesses to be created, progress was made towards ending the oppressive guild system.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス