specificとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Old French specifique, from Late Latin specificus (“specific, particular”), from Latin speciēs (“kind”) + faciō (“make”).

発音

• (General American, 英国発音) IPA^(key): /spəˈsɪf.ɪk/, /spɪˈsɪf.ɪk/
• 韻: -ɪfɪk
• ハイフネーション: spe‧cif‧ic
• (Hong Kong) IPA^(key): /spɛk.ˈsi.fɪk/

形容詞

specific (comparative more specific, superlative most specific)

2. explicit or definite.
4. (bioscience, taxonomy) pertaining to a species, as a taxon or taxa at the rank of species.
   • 2008, Richard Dawkins, The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing, Oxford 2009, p. 3:

     Science and literature, then, are the two achievements of Homo sapiens that most convincingly justify the specific name.

   Hyponyms: monospecific, multispecific, oligospecific, paucispecific

   Coordinate terms: subspecific, infraspecific, generic, familial

6. special, distinctive or unique.
8. intended for, or applying to, a particular thing.
10. Serving to identify a particular thing (often a disease または condition), with little risk of mistaking something else for it.

    a highly specific test, specific and nonspecific symptoms

11. being a remedy for a particular disease on a deeper level, rather than just masking the symptoms

    Quinine is a specific medicine in cases of malaria.

    Any improvement in secondary sciatica is probably due to the analgesic action of the sodium salicylate, but in primary sciatica, in all likelihood “rheumatic,” the effect of the sodium salicylate appears to be specific rather than symptomatic.

    • 1830 May 23, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, “Specific Medicines”, in Specimens of the Table Talk of the Late Samuel Taylor Coleridge, volume I, London: J. Murray, page 147:

      The study of specific medicines is too much disregarded now. No doubt, the hunting after specifics is a mark of ignorance and weakness in medicine, yet the neglect of them is proof also of immaturity ; for, in fact, all medicines will be found specific in the perfection of science.

13. (immunology) limited to a particular antibody or antigen.
15. (physics) of a value divided by mass (e.g. specific orbital energy)
17. (physics) similarly referring to a value divided by any measure which acts to standardize it (e.g. thrust specific fuel consumption, referring to fuel consumption divided by thrust)
19. (physics) a measure compared with a standard reference value by division, to produce a ratio without unit or dimension (e.g. specific refractive index is a pure number, かつ is relative to that of air)

同意語

• (explicit, definite): express, monosemous, unambiguous; see also Thesaurus:explicit
• (special, distinctive または unique): singular; see also Thesaurus:unique
• (intended for a particular thing): peculiar, singular; see also Thesaurus:specific

反意語

• unspecific, nonspecific
• (intended for a particular thing): broad, general, generic, universal; see also Thesaurus:generic

下位語

派生語

参考

• generic

名詞

specific (複数形 specifics)

1. A distinguishing attribute or quality.
2. A remedy for a specific disease or condition.
   • 1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], Romance and Reality. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], OCLC 24531354, page 201:

     Change of scene, and a new lover, are infallible specifics, always supposing there is no character for constancy to be supported: if I witness the violent sorrow of to-day, I impose upon to-morrow the necessity of being sorry also.

   • 1968, Charles Portis, True Grit:

     I had no unreasonable fear of bats, […] yet I knew them too for carriers of the dread “Hydrophobia,” for which there was no specific.

3. Specification
4. (in the plural) The details; particulars.

Further reading

• specific in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
• specific in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911
• specific at OneLook Dictionary Search