byとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Middle English by, bi, from 古期英語 bī (“by; near; around”), from Proto-West Germanic *bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi (“near; by; around; about”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.

Cognate with West Frisian by (“by; near”), Afrikaans by (“at; by; near”), Saterland Frisian bie (“near; by”), Dutch bij (“near; by”), German Low German bi (“by; near; at”), German bei (“by; near; at”).

発音

• (英国発音, 米国発音) enPR: bī, IPA^(key): /baɪ/
• 韻: -aɪ
• 異形同音異義語: bi, bye, buy

前置詞

by

1. Near or next to.

   The mailbox is by the bus stop.

2. From one side of something to the other, passing close by; past.

   The stream runs by our back door.

   He ran straight by me.

3. Not later than (the given time); not later than the end of (the given time interval).

   Be back by ten o'clock!.

   We'll find someone by the end of March.

   We will send it by the first week of July.

5. Indicates the person or thing that does or causes something: Through the action or presence of.
   1. Following a passive verb.

      The matter was decided by the chairman.

      The boat was swamped by the water.

      He was protected by his body armour.

      • 2011 September 28, Jon Smith, “Valencia 1-1 Chelsea”, in BBC Sport:

        Valencia threatened sporadically in the first half with Miguel having a decent effort deflected wide by Ashley Cole, while Jordi Alba's near-post cross was flicked into the sidenetting by Pablo Hernandez.

   2. Following a noun.

      There was a call by the unions for a 30% pay rise.

   3. (not in common modern use) Following an adjective.

      I was aghast by what I saw.

      • 1874, Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd, 2005 Barnes & Noble Classics publication of 1912 Wessex edition, p.109:

        In other directions the fields and sky were so much of one colour by the snow that it was difficult in a hasty glance to tell whereabouts the horizon occurred […].

6. Indicates the creator of a work: Existing through the authorship etc. of.

   There are many well-known plays by William Shakespeare

7. Indicates a means of achieving something: Involving/using the means of.

   I avoided the guards by moving only when they weren't looking.

   By Pythagoras' theorem, we can calculate the length of the hippopotamus.

   We went by bus.

   I discovered it by chance.

   By 'maybe' she means 'no'.

   The electricity was cut off, so we had to read by candlelight.

   • 1909, Archibald Marshall [pseudonym; Arthur Hammond Marshall], chapter II, in The Squire’s Daughter, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead and Company, published 1919, →OCLC:

     "I don't want to spoil any comparison you are going to make," said Jim, "but I was at Winchester and New College." ¶ "That will do," said Mackenzie. "I was dragged up at the workhouse school till I was twelve. Then I ran away and sold papers in the streets, and anything else that I could pick up a few coppers by—except steal. […]"

   • 1945, Neva L. Boyd, Handbook of Recreational Games, Dover, published 1975, →ISBN, page 16:

     Players: Can we get there by candlelight? ¶ Gatekeepers: Yes and back again.

   • 1960, Dr. Seuss, One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish

     By the light of the moon, / by the light of a star / they walked all night

9. Indicates an authority according to which something is done.

   By the power vested in me, I now pronounce you man and wife.

   1. Invokes an authority in an oath.

      By Jove! I think she's got it!

      By all that is holy, I'll put an end to this.

      • c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

        By yonder moon I swear you do me wrong

      • 1863, Sheridan Le Fanu, The House by the Churchyard:

        'By my soul! I believe something bad has happened me,' he muttered, and popped up his window, and looked out, half dreaming over the church-yard on the park beyond […]

10. Indicates a means of classification or organisation.

    I sorted the items by category.

    Table 1 shows details of our employees broken down by sex and age.

11. Indicates the amount of change, difference or discrepancy

    Our stock is up by ten percent.

    His date of birth was wrong by ten years.

12. In the formulae X by X and by Xs, indicates a steady progression, one X after another.

    We went through the book page by page.

    We crawled forward by inches.

13. (with the) Acted on in units of the specified size or measure. (Sometimes hyperbolically)

    sold by the yard; cheaper if bought by the gross

    He drinks brandy by the bucketful!

14. per; with or in proportion to each.

    His health was deteriorating by the day.

    The pickers are paid by the bushel.

15. Indicates a referenced source: According to.

    He cheated by his own admission.

    By my reckoning, we should be nearly there.

    • 1722, William Wollaston, “Sect. V. Truths relating to the Deity. Of his exiſtence, perfection, providence, &c.”, in The Religion of Nature Delineated‎^[1], page 81:

      Ignorant and ſuperſtitious wretches meaſure the actions of letterd and philoſophical men by the tattle of their nurſes or illiterate parents and companions, or by the faſhion of the country : and people of differing religions judge and condemn each other by their own tenents ; when both of them cannot be in the right, and it is well if either of them are.

16. Used to separate dimensions when describing the size of something.

    It is easy to invert a 2-by-2 matrix.

    The room was about 4 foot by 6 foot.

    The bricks used to build the wall measured 10 by 20 by 30 cm.

17. (horse breeding) Designates a horse's male parent (sire); cf. out of.

    She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.

18. (chiefly Yeshivish) At, with, among

    Are you eating by Rabbi Fischer? (at the house of)

    By Chabad, it's different. (with, among)

派生語

副詞

by (not comparable)

1. Along a path which runs past the speaker.

   I watched as it passed by.

2. In the vicinity, near.

   There was a shepherd close by.

   • 1899 March, Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, number MI, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part II:

     [The helmsman] steered with no end of a swagger while you were by; but if he lost sight of you, he became instantly the prey of an abject funk […]

3. To or at a place, as a residence or place of business.

   I'll stop by on my way home from work.

   We're right near the lifeguard station. Come by before you leave.

4. Aside, away.

   The women spent much time after harvest putting jams by for winter and spring.

派生語

形容詞

by (not comparable)

1. Out of the way, off to one side.

   a by path, a by room

2. Subsidiary, incidental.

   by catch, a by issue

使用する際の注意点

More usually in compounds, either hyphenated (e.g. by-product) or closed (e.g. byproduct); see also by-.

反意語

• main, principal

派生語

• See English terms prefixed with by-

名詞

by (複数形 bys)

1. Alternative form of bye.

間投詞

by

1. Alternative spelling of bye.

アナグラム

• YB, Yb, yb

接尾辞

-by

1. (in place names) Habitation.

派生語

アナグラム

• YB, Yb, yb

語源 1

From Middle English by (“town”), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse bȳr (“dwelling, town”), from Proto-Germanic *būwiz (“dwelling”). Cognate with Danish by (“town”). More at bower.

接頭辞

by-

1. (now mostly non-productive) town or city

   bylaw

語源 2

Partly from a combining form of by (“by, near, around”), and partly continuing Middle English bi-, by-, from 古期英語 bī- (“by, near, around”), from Proto-Germanic *bi- (“by-”). Cognate with German be-, Dutch be-.

接頭辞

by-

1. nearness or roundaboutness

   bystander, bypass

2. secondary, incidental, or parallel to

   by-product, byform, by-path

派生語

アナグラム

• yb