draftとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

A phonetic spelling of draught (compare laughter), from Middle English draught, draght (“that which is pulled; that which is drawn up, a design”), from 古期英語 *dreaht, *dræht, from Proto-West Germanic *drahti, *drahtu, from Proto-Germanic *drahtuz (“a pulling, drawing”), equivalent to draw (“to draw, drag”) +‎ -t. Cognate with Dutch dracht, German Tracht, Icelandic dráttur.

発音

• (英国発音) IPA^(key): /dɹɑːft/

  韻: -ɑːft

• (英国発音, 米国発音) IPA^(key): /dɹæft/

  韻: -æft

名詞

draft (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 drafts)

1. (米国用法 spelling) A current of air, usually coming into a room or vehicle.
2. (米国用法 spelling) The draw through a flue of gasses (smoke) resulting from a combustion process.
3. (米国用法 spelling) An act of drinking.
4. (米国用法 spelling) The quantity of liquid (such as water, alcohol, または medicine) drunk in one swallow.

   Synonyms: swig; see also Thesaurus:drink

   to drink at a draft

   She took a deep draft from the bottle of water.

5. (米国用法 spelling) A dose (of medicine, alcohol, etc.).
6. (米国用法 spelling) Liquid, especially beer or other alcohol, drawn from a cask or keg rather than a bottle or can.
   • 1863, Thomas George Shaw, Wine, the Vine, and the Cellar, page 152:

     From 1767 to 1774 no pale wine was bottled but for immediate use; only draft wine of all kinds was used in the principal taverns, and it was often very bad, not from tricks of the vintners, but from bad management.

   • 2015 September 14, Jeff Smith, Craft Cider: How to Turn Apples into Alcohol, The Countryman Press, →ISBN:

     Another positive trend is the increase of quality in draft cider options. Draft cider has often been, and sometimes still is, considered an inferior product by cider traditionalists, who believe a true cider should come in a bottle or […]

7. (米国用法 spelling, nautical) The depth of water needed to float a particular ship; the depth from the waterline to the bottom of a vessel's hull; the depth of water drawn by a vessel.
8. (universal) An early version of a written work (such as a book または e-mail) or drawing.

   I have to revise the first draft of my term paper.

   His first drafts were better than most authors' final products.

   • 2023 March 8, David Clough, “The long road that led to Beeching”, in RAIL, number 978, page 43:

     Dr Richard Beeching's handwritten draft of his report survives in the National Archives.

9. (universal) A preliminary sketch or outline for a plan.
10. (universal) A cheque, an order for money to be paid.
11. (米国用法, usually with the) Conscription, the system of forcing people to serve in the military.

    He left the country to avoid the draft.

12. (politics, 米国用法) A system of forcing or convincing people to take an elected position.
13. (sports, 米国用法) A system of assigning rookie players to professional sports teams.
14. (米国用法 spelling, rail transport) The pulling force (tension) on couplers and draft gear during a slack stretched condition.
15. The bevel given to the pattern for a casting, so that it can be drawn from the sand without damaging the mould.
16. (米国用法 spelling, possibly archaic) The action or an act (especially of a beast of burden または vehicle) of pulling something along or back.
    • 1988, Kenneth W. Russell, Afther Eden, page 39:

      In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century in the U.S., "strong" ploughs requiring the draft of four and sometimes six oxen were frequently used for breaking land which had previously lain fallow for several years.

    using oxen for draft

    shot forth an arrow with a mighty draft

17. (米国用法 spelling, possibly archaic) The act of drawing in a net for fish.
18. (米国用法 spelling, possibly archaic) That which is drawn in; a catch, a haul.

    He cast his net, which brought him a very great draft.

19. (British, possibly archaic) A quantity that is requisitioned or drawn out from a larger population.
    • 1841, Alexander Walker, Intermarriage, page 325:

      As an instance: amongst a draft of young hounds from Earl F itzwilliam's was one, of whom Will Deane, his huntsman, made this remark in his letter, 'that he could not guess at Lord Foley's dislike to the hound called Glider, then sent, which was of the best blood in the country, being got by Mr. Meynell's Glider out of Lord Fitzwilliam's Blossom, and was moreover the most promising young hound he had ever entered;...

    • 1904, Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, Sessional papers. Inventory control record 1 - Volume 42, page 83:

      These drafts left between the 17th March and 28th April. After this there was no regular system of artillery drafts. A draft of 80 was detailed to take charge of horses on board ship as all cavalry drafts were for the time exhausted, and this draft sailed on the 30th June.

    • 1982, John Maxwell, Brian Edmund Lloyd, Bertha Mac Smith, Letters of John Maxwell, Superintendent of Government Stock, page 206:

      The Complaint about the Beef lately furnished for the use of the Troops &c at Parramatta, is not without foundation; when I commenced supplying the several Stations with animal food in January last, — a Draft of very fat Oxen was brought from Wellington for that purpose, — that draft has met the consumption of several Stations until now. — the Cattle lately remaining fell very much off in condition, though I certainly consider they were not inferior to a great deal of Beef, I have seen taken from Contractors.

    • 1993, Lord Anglesey, A History of the British Cavalry 1816-1919: Volume 2: 1851-1871:

      An earlier draft of horses for the 4th Light Dragoons, however,was very different.

    • 2009, Philip Warner, A Cavalryman in the Crimea:

      The Light Brigade have got a draft of about 250 horses from England, and we expect ours shortly.

使用する際の注意点

Although draft is usually an American spelling, senses 8-10 are universal, being used in both British and American English. Senses 11-13 are used in American English only. Where a particular sense is an American spelling, it is spelt draught in British English.

派生語

動詞

draft (三人称単数 現在形 drafts, 現在分詞 drafting, 過去形および過去分詞形 drafted)

1. (transitive) To write a first version, make a preliminary sketch.
2. To draw in outline; to make a draught, sketch, or plan of, as in architectural and mechanical drawing.
3. To write a law.
4. (transitive, US) To conscript a person, force a person to serve in some capacity, especially in the military.

   He was drafted during the Vietnam War.

5. To select someone (または something) for a particular role or purpose.

   There was a campaign to draft Smith to run for President.

   They drafted me to be the chairperson of the new committee.

   • 1960 May, “Southern Newsreel”, in Trains Illustrated, page 315, photo caption:

     Class "H16" 4-6-2T No. 30516 has been drafted to the Fawley branch and is here seen working a 747-ton test train across Frost Lane crossing, near Hythe, on March 6 [...].

6. To select and separate an animal or animals from a group.

   The calves were drafted from the cows.

7. (transitive, sports, US) To select a rookie player onto a professional sports team.

   After his last year of college football, he was drafted by the Miami Dolphins.

8. (transitive, intransitive) To follow very closely (behind another vehicle), thereby providing an aerodynamic advantage to both lead and follower and conserving energy or increasing speed.

   Synonym: slipstream

   • 2020 September 13, Andrew Benson, “Tuscan Grand Prix: Lewis Hamilton claims 90th win after incredible race”, in BBC Sport‎^[1]:

     At the restart, the positions of the Mercedes drivers was reversed. Hamilton drafted Bottas down to Turn One and took the lead around the outside, controlling the race from there.

9. To draw out; to call forth.
10. To draw fibers out of a clump, for spinning in the production of yarn.

派生語

• draft in

形容詞

draft (not comparable) (米国用法 spelling)

1. (not comparable) Referring to drinks on tap, in contrast to bottled.

   I'd rather have a fresh, cheap draft beer.

2. Referring to animals used for pulling heavy loads.

   A Clydesdale is a draft horse.

関連する語

• draw

Further reading

• draft in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
• “draft”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.