longとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /lɒŋ/
• (General American) enPR: lông, IPA^(key): /lɔŋ/
• (cot–caught merger, Canada) enPR: läng, IPA^(key): /lɑŋ/
• (Black Country) enPR: lo͝oŋg, IPA^(key): /lʊŋɡ/
• 韻: -ɒŋ
• ハイフネーション: long

語源 1

From Middle English long, lang, from 古期英語 long, lang (“long, tall, lasting”), from Proto-West Germanic *lang, from Proto-Germanic *langaz (“long”), from Proto-Indo-European *dlongʰos (“long”). Cognate with Scots lang (“long”), North Frisian long, lung (“long”), Saterland Frisian loang (“long”), Norwegian, West Frisian, Dutch and German lang (“long”), Swedish lång (“long”), Icelandic langur (“long”), Portuguese longo (“long”), Spanish luengo (“long”), Latin longus (“long”), Russian дли́нный (dlínnyj), долго (dolgo), Sanskrit दीर्घ (dīrgha, “long”).

The word exceptionally retains the 古期英語 darkening of -a- before nasals. Though there are other such examples in Middle and Modern English (e.g. bond, song, throng, wrong), the o-form may have been reinforced by Old French long, from Latin longus, from the same Indo-European word. Doublet of lungo and lunge.

形容詞

long (comparative longer, superlative longest)

2. Having much distance from one terminating point on an object or an area to another terminating point (usually applies to horizontal dimensions; see Usage Notes below).

   It's a long way from the Earth to the Moon.

   How long was your newborn baby?

   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

     We expressed our readiness, and in ten minutes were in the station wagon, rolling rapidly down the long drive, for it was then after nine. We passed on the way the van of the guests from Asquith.

   • 1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 17, in The China Governess‎^[1]:

     The face which emerged was not reassuring. […]. He was not a mongol but there was a deficiency of a sort there, and it was not made more pretty by a latter-day hair cut which involved eccentrically long elf-locks and oiled black curls.

3. Having great duration.

   The pyramids of Egypt have been around for a long time.

   I took a long look at the house, knowing it was for the last time.

4. Seeming to last a lot of time, due to being boring or tedious or tiring.
   • 1877, Anna Sewell, “Chapter 23”, in Black Beauty: […], London: Jarrold and Sons, […], →OCLC:

     What I suffered with that rein for four long months in my lady's carriage, it would be hard to describe, but I am quite sure that, had it lasted much longer, either my health or my temper would have given way.

   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter II, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

     I had occasion […] to make a somewhat long business trip to Chicago, and on my return […] I found Farrar awaiting me in the railway station. He smiled his wonted fraction by way of greeting, […] , and finally leading me to his buggy, turned and drove out of town. I was completely mystified at such an unusual proceeding.

5. (Britain, dialect) Not short; tall.
   • 1908, W[illiam] B[lair] M[orton] Ferguson, chapter I, in Zollenstein, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:

     The colonel and his sponsor made a queer contrast: Greystone [the sponsor] long and stringy, with a face that seemed as if a cold wind was eternally playing on it.

     1940, Fred Godfrey (lyrics かつ music), “Bless 'Em All”‎^[2]performed by George Formby:

     Bless 'em all. Bless 'em all. The long, the short and the tall.

7. (finance) Possessing or owning stocks, bonds, commodities, or other financial instruments with the aim of benefiting from an expected rise in their value.

   Antonym: short

   I'm long in DuPont.

   I have a long position in DuPont.

8. (cricket) Of a fielding position, close to the boundary (または closer to the boundary than the equivalent short position).
9. Passing or landing ahead of or beyond the intended target or location, as weapons fire or landing aircraft.

   The plane touched down long and overran the end of the runway.

   • 2021 March 10, Drachinifel, 28:10 from the start, in Guadalcanal Campaign - The Big Night Battle: Night 1 (IJN 3(?) : 2 USN)‎^[3], archived from the original on 7 November 2022:

     Juneau was making good time with the other surviving U.S. Navy ships, despite her damage, when the I-26 spotted her and sent a salvo of Type 95 torpedoes in her direction. Passing between the Helena and San Francisco, some indication being they had actually been shot at the San Francisco and gone long because San Francisco was travelling significantly slower than expected, they nonetheless hit Juneau and detonated the ship's magazine.

10. (tennis, of a ball または a shot) Landing beyond the baseline, and therefore deemed to be out.

    That forehand is long.

11. (gambling) Of betting odds, offering a very large return for a small wager.
12. Occurring or coming after an extended interval; distant in time; far away.
    • 1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book IIII, Canto IIII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, page 55:

      But Campbell thus did ſhut vp all in ieſt, / Braue Knights and Ladies, certes ye doe wrong / To ſtirre vp ſtrife, when moſt vs needeth reſt, / That we may vs reſerue both freſh and ſtrong, / Againſt the Turneiment which is not long.

13. (African-American Vernacular, slang, of money) In great supply; abundant.
    • 2011 December 18, “Ballin' Uncontrollably” (track 7), in King Mather's LP‎^[4], performed by Eminem:

      I'm talkin' 'bout...I'm talkin' 'bout that long money.

    • 2012 November 8, “I'm Different” (track 6), in Based on a T.R.U. Story‎^[5], performed by 2 Chainz:

      Me and broke niggas, we don't get along (Nah). Hair long (Long), money long (Yeah).

    • 2013 October 7, “No Regrets” (track 7), in My Name Is My Name‎^[6], performed by Pusha T:

      Rent-a-cars we road run, money longer than train smoke.

    • 2016 November 24, “Upgrade You”‎^[7]performed by Kash Doll:

      Money so long, it's offensive.

14. (slang, MLE) Clipping of taking a long time.

    Synonyms: boring, late, slow, time-consuming

    • 2022 March 18, Ronan Bennett, Gerry Jackson, Tyrone Rashard, Sagirah Gammon, 00:35:44 from the start, in Brady Hood, director, Top Boy(Good Morals) (4), episode 1 (TV), spoken by unnamed boy, girl called B:

      BOY:B, this is long for man, you know. B:Keep complaining. BOY:Fucking gemming it with these things (he continues collecting empty drinks cans)

    • 2023 January 15, Layton Williams, 12:51 from the start, in Freddy Syborn, director, Bad Education(Prison) (4), episode 3 (TV), spoken by Inchez (Anthony J. Abraham):

      INCHEZ:Man this is long! We've been in here for time!

15. (slang, MLE, by extension) stupid; annoying; bullshit
    • 2015 September 18, “Brand New” (track 6), in Don't Panic‎^[8], performed by Smoke Boys:

      [Verse 1:Sleeks]: Keep thinking about Ps that I need but it's long. All these things that I've done in the streets got me on my knees trying to reason with God. B-B beefin' is long but I might still greeze up a Don.

    • 2017 December 17, Guz Khan, Andy Milligan, “Upper Room” (00:38 from the start), in Ollie Parsons, director, Man Like Mobeen (1), episode 3 (TV), spoken by Mobeen Deen (Guz Khan):

      MOBEEN:"I do love nature when it's on television and David Attenborough's presenting. I hate nature in real life! Smells like shite around here! Plants and(he waves a fly away)...plants and that. It's so long!

    • 2022 March 18, Ronan Bennett, Gerry Jackson, Tyrone Rashard, Sagirah Gammon, 00:15:46 from the start, in Brady Hood, director, Top Boy(Good Morals) (4), episode 1 (TV), spoken by Dushane (Ashley Walters):

      DUSHANE:"I'm stepping back from the roads now. All of that shit is long! And by next year, I want to be completely legit, then it's just me, you and Tish.

    • 2023 February 18, Simba-xiv, “Reddit (subreddit:BlackPeopleTwitter)”, in (Please provide the book title または journal name)‎^[9]:

      Nah fuck that I don't like mixing my circles like that. Plus if some shit goes bad I gotta be in the middle it's all long

16. (slang, MLE, by extension) serious; deadly.

    Synonyms: the end, curtains

    • 2022 March 18, Ronan Bennett, Gerry Jackson, Tyrone Rashard, 32:20 from the start, in William Stefan Smith, director, Top Boy(Prove Yourself) (4), episode 8 (TV), spoken by Jamie (Micheal Ward):

      JAMIE:"Yo, if I see you man round here again, it is long for you!"

使用する際の注意点

• Wide is usually used instead of long when referring to a horizontal dimension (left to right).
• Tall or high are usually used instead of long when referring to positive vertical dimension (upwards), and deep when referring to negative vertical dimension (downwards).

同意語

• (having much distance from one point to another): deep (vertically downwards), extended, high (vertically upwards), lengthy, tall
• (having great duration): extended, lengthy, prolonged

反意語

• (having much distance from one point to another): low (vertically upwards), shallow (vertically upwards または downwards), short
• (having great duration): brief, short

下位語

派生語

参考

• broad
• wide

名詞

long (複数形 longs)

1. (linguistics) A long vowel.
   • 1877, Henry Sweet, A Handbook of Phonetics, volume 2, page 60:

     In French most vowels are half-long, and are only occasionally lengthened or shortened into full longs and shorts.

2. (prosody) A long syllable.
3. (music) A note formerly used in music, one half the length of a large, twice that of a breve.
4. (programming) A long integer variable, twice the size of an int, two or four times the size of a short, and half of a long long.

   A long is typically 64 bits in a 32-bit environment.

5. (finance) An entity with a long position in an asset.

   Synonym: bull

   Every uptick made the longs cheer.

6. (finance) An investor having a long position in a security.
7. (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) (finance) A long-term investment.
   • 1977, Jerome B. Cohen, Edward D. Zinbarg, Arthur Zeikel, Guide to Intelligent Investing, →OCLC, page 203:

     Likewise, if borrowers prefer to sell short-maturity issues at the time lenders prefer to invest in longs, as is the case when interest rates are expected to fall, longer maturity issues will tend to yield less than shorter maturity issues.

8. (Oxbridge, dated) Clipping of long vacation (“summer vacation”).
   • 1863, Charles Reade, Hard Cash:

     " […] Did I not forbid all these nicknames and all this Oxfordish, by proclamation, last Long."
     "Last Long?"
     "Hem! last protracted vacation."

動詞

long (三人称単数 現在形 longs, 現在分詞 longing, 過去形および過去分詞形 longed)

1. (transitive, finance) To take a long position in.
   • 2004, Thomas S. Y. Ho with Sang Bin Lee and Sang-bin Yi, The Oxford Guide to Financial Modeling, page 84:

     The left panel shows the profile of a portfolio consisting of longing a call and shorting a put.

語源 2

From Middle English longe, lange, from 古期英語 longe, lange, from the adjective (see above).

副詞

long (comparative longer, superlative longest)

1. (chiefly sports) Over a great distance in space.

   Synonyms: a long way, far

   Antonym: a short distance

   He threw the ball long.

2. For a particular duration.

   How long is it until the next bus arrives?

   He slept all day long.

3. For a lengthy duration (see usage notes).

   Antonyms: an instant, a minute, a moment, a second, a short time, not long

   Will this interview take long?

   Paris has long been considered one of the most cultured cities in the world.

   She has known us as long as you.

   I haven't got long to live.

   By eight o'clock, the food will be long gone.

   They are in a hurry; they can't wait for too long.

   I've waited long enough.

   • 1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book VI, Canto XII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, stanza 17, page 512:

     My liefe (ſayd ſhe) ye know, that long ygo, / Whileſt ye in durance dwelt, ye to me gaue / A little mayde, the which ye chylded tho ; / The ſame againe if now ye liſt to haue, / The ſame is yonder Lady, whom high God did ſaue.

   • c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii], page 156, column 1:

     I ſtay too long ; but here my Father comes : / A double bleſſing is a double grace; / Occaſion ſmiles vpon a ſecond leaue.

   • 1922, Michael Arlen, “Ep./4/2”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

     The world was awake to the 2nd of May, but Mayfair is not the world, and even the menials of Mayfair lie long abed.

   • 1980, Alain LeRoy Locke, Harlem, Mecca of the New Negro‎^[10], page 663:

     Poems by Langston Hughes An Earth Song: It's an earth song - and I've been waiting long for an earth song. It's a Spring song - and I've been waiting long for a Spring song. […] I have been waiting long for this Spring song.

   • 1991, James Melvin Washington, editor, A testament of hope: the essential writings and speeches of Martin Luther King, page 636:

     I answer by saying that I have worked too long and hard now against segregated public accommodations to end up segregating my moral concern.

   • 2013 May-June, David Van Tassel, Lee DeHaan, “Wild Plants to the Rescue”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

     Plant breeding is always a numbers game. […] The wild species we use are rich in genetic variation, […]. In addition, we are looking for rare alleles, so the more plants we try, the better. These rarities may be new mutations, or they can be existing ones that are neutral—or are even selected against—in a wild population. A good example is mutations that disrupt seed dispersal, leaving the seeds on the heads long after they are ripe.

   • 2013 July 20, “Out of the gloom”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

     [Rural solar plant] schemes are of little help to industry or other heavy users of electricity. Nor is solar power yet as cheap as the grid. For all that, the rapid arrival of electric light to Indian villages is long overdue. When the national grid suffers its next huge outage, as it did in July 2012 when hundreds of millions were left in the dark, look for specks of light in the villages.

   • 2021 August 19, “Drake”‎^[11]performed by Most Certi:

     [Verse 1]: […] Be there in five, man’s taking long. Are you still there? No fam, I’m already gone.

使用する際の注意点

The adverb long, when it means for a lengthy duration, is used freely in questions and negative statements. However, in standard English, it is only used in positive statements when it directly modifies an adjective or participle, or is itself modified by an adverb such as too or enough (see the example sentences above). In other situations, the phrase (for) a long time is used instead:

Does it take long?

— No, it doesn't take long.

(一般的ではない用法) — Yes, it takes long.

— Yes, it takes a long time.

— Yes, it takes far too long.

派生語

参考

• far
• wide
• broad

語源 3

From Middle English longen, from 古期英語 langian (“to long for, yearn after, grieve for, be pained, lengthen, grow longer, summon, belong”), from Proto-West Germanic *langōn, from Proto-Germanic *langōną (“to desire, long for”), from Proto-Indo-European *lengʷʰ- (“to be easy, be quick, jump, move around, vary”). Cognate with German langen (“to reach, be sufficient”), Swedish langa (“to push, pass by hand”), Icelandic langa (“to want, desire”), Dutch, German verlangen (“to desire, want, long for”).

動詞

long (三人称単数 現在形 longs, 現在分詞 longing, 過去形および過去分詞形 longed)

2. (intransitive) To await, aspire, desire greatly (something to occur または to be true).

   Synonyms: ache, yearn

   She longed for him to come back.

   • 1922, Margery Williams, The Velveteen Rabbit:

     The Rabbit sighed. He thought it would be a long time before this magic called Real happened to him. He longed to become Real, to know what it felt like; and yet the idea of growing shabby and losing his eyes and whiskers was rather sad.

使用する際の注意点

• This is a catenative verb that takes the to infinitive. See Appendix:English catenative verbs

派生語

• belong
• forlong
• long for
• longing

語源 4

From Middle English long, lang, an aphetic form of Middle English ilong, ylong, from 古期英語 ġelong, ġelang (“along, belonging, depending, consequent”); the verb later reinterpreted as an aphetic form of belong.

形容詞

long (not comparable)

1. (archaic) On account of, because of.
   • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, translated by John Florio, Essays, II.8, page 224:

     I am of opinion, that in regarde of theſe debauches and lewde actions, fathers may, in ſome ſort, be blamed, and that it is onely long of them.

動詞

long (三人称単数 現在形 longs, 現在分詞 longing, 過去形および過去分詞形 longed)

1. (archaic) To be appropriate to, to pertain or belong to.
   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto III”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

     A goodly Armour, and full rich aray, / Which long'd to Angela, the Saxon Queene, / All fretted round with gold, and goodly wel beseene.

   • c. 1590–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Taming of the Shrew”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iv]:

     Tis well, and hold your owne in any case / With such austeritie as longeth to a father.