scaleとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (英国発音, General American) IPA^(key): /skeɪl/, [skeɪ̯(ə)ɫ]
  • (General Australian) IPA^(key): /skæɪl/, [skæɪ̯(ə)ɫ]
  • ハイフネーション: scale
  • 韻: -eɪl

語源 1

From Middle English scale, from Latin scāla, usually in plural scālae (“a flight of steps, stairs, staircase, ladder”), for *skand-slā, from scandō (“I climb”); see scan, ascend, descend, etc. Doublet of scala.

名詞

scale (複数形 scales)

2. (obsolete) A ladder; a series of steps; a means of ascending.
4. An ordered, usually numerical sequence used for measurement, means of assigning a magnitude.

   Please rate your experience on a scale from 1 to 10.

   The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the open-ended Richter scale.

6. Size; scope.
   • 2012 January, Robert L. Dorit, “Rereading Darwin”, in American Scientist‎^[1], volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 14 November 2012, page 23:

     We live our lives in three dimensions for our threescore and ten allotted years. Yet every branch of contemporary science, from statistics to cosmology, alludes to processes that operate on scales outside of human experience: the millisecond and the nanometer, the eon and the light-year.

   On an enormous scale was a blood-feast.

   There are some who question the scale of our ambitions.

8. The ratio of depicted distance to actual distance.

   This map uses a scale of 1:10.

10. A line or bar associated with a drawing, used to indicate measurement when the image has been magnified or reduced.
    • 1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page ix:

      Even though precision can be carried to an extreme, the scales which now are drawn in (かつ usually connected to an appropriate figure by an arrow) will allow derivation of meaningful measurements.

12. (music) A series of notes spanning an octave, tritave, or pseudo-octave, used to make melodies.
14. A mathematical base for a numeral system; radix.

    the decimal scale; the binary scale

16. Gradation; succession of ascending and descending steps and degrees; progressive series; scheme of comparative rank or order.
    • 1644, J[ohn] M[ilton], The Doctrine or Discipline of Divorce: […], 2nd edition, London: [s.n.], →OCLC, book:

      There is a certain scale of duties […] which for want of studying in right order, all the world is in confusion.

    • 2012 May 13, Phil McNulty, “Man City 3-2 QPR”, in BBC Sport‎^[2]:

      City's players and supporters travelled from one end of the emotional scale to the other in those vital seconds, providing a truly remarkable piece of football theatre and the most dramatic conclusion to a season in Premier League history.

18. A standard amount of money to be received by a performer or writer, negotiated by a union.

    Sally wasn't the star of the show, so she was glad to be paid scale.

下位語

• (earthquake): Mercalli scale, Palermo scale, Richter scale
• (economy): wage scale

• (psychology): Kinsey scale

派生語

Concordant terms

派生した語

• → Japanese: スケール (sukēru)

参考

• degree
• ordinal variable

参照

• scale on Wikipedia.

動詞

scale (三人称単数 現在形 scales, 現在分詞 scaling, 過去形および過去分詞形 scaled)

2. (transitive) To change the size of something whilst maintaining proportion; especially to change a process in order to produce much larger amounts of the final product.

   We should scale that up by a factor of 10.

3. (transitive) To climb to the top of.

   Hilary and Norgay were the first known to have scaled Everest.

   • 1918 September–November, Edgar Rice Burroughs, “The Land That Time Forgot”, in The Blue Book Magazine, Chicago, Ill.: Story-press Corp., →OCLC; republished as chapter IX, in Hugo Gernsback, editor, Amazing Stories, (please specify |part=I, II, または III), New York, N.Y.: Experimenter Publishing, 1927, →OCLC:

     At last I came to the great barrier-cliffs; and after three days of mad effort--of maniacal effort--I scaled them. I built crude ladders; I wedged sticks in narrow fissures; I chopped toe-holds and finger-holds with my long knife; but at last I scaled them. Near the summit I came upon a huge cavern.

   • 1932, Dorothy L Sayers, chapter 1, in Have his Carcase:

     A solitary rock is always attractive. All right-minded people feel an overwhelming desire to scale and sit upon it.

4. (intransitive, computing) To tolerate significant increases in throughput or other potentially limiting factors.

   That architecture won't scale to real-world environments.

5. (transitive) To weigh, measure or grade according to a scale or system.
   • c. 1608–1609 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii]:

     Scaling his present bearing with his past.

   • 1962 July, G. Freeman Allen, “The New "Rheingold"”, in Modern Railways, page 25:

     The kitchen-dining-buffet car scales 49.2 tons.

下位語

• scale back
• scale down
• scale out
• scale up

関連する語

• scaling ladder

語源 2

From Middle English scale, from Old French escale, from Frankish and/or Old High German skala, from Proto-Germanic *skalō. Cognate with 古期英語 sċealu (“shell, husk”), whence the modern doublet shale. Further cognate with Dutch schaal, German Schale, French écale.

名詞

scale (複数形 scales)

2. Part of an overlapping arrangement of many small, flat and hard pieces of keratin covering the skin of an animal, particularly a fish or reptile.

   Hyponyms: fish scale, fish-scale, fishscale

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book VII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     Fish that, with their fins and shining scales, / Glide under the green wave.

3. A small piece of pigmented chitin, many of which coat the wings of a butterfly or moth to give them their color.
4. A flake of skin of an animal afflicted with dermatitis.
5. Part of an overlapping arrangement of many small, flat and hard protective layers forming a pinecone that flare when mature to release pine nut seeds.
6. The flaky material sloughed off heated metal.

   Hyponym: mill scale

7. Scale mail (as opposed to chain mail).
8. Limescale.
9. A scale insect.
10. The thin metallic side plate of the handle of a pocketknife.

派生語

派生した語

• → Japanese: スケール (sukēru)

動詞

scale (三人称単数 現在形 scales, 現在分詞 scaling, 過去形および過去分詞形 scaled)

1. (transitive) To remove the scales of.

   Please scale that fish for dinner.

   Synonym: descale

2. (intransitive) To become scaly; to produce or develop scales.

   The dry weather is making my skin scale.

3. (transitive) To strip or clear of scale; to descale.

   to scale the inside of a boiler

4. (transitive) To take off in thin layers or scales, as tartar from the teeth; to pare off, as a surface.
   • 1684-1690, Thomas Burnet, Sacred Theory of the Earth

     if all the mountains and hills were scaled, and the earth made even

5. (intransitive) To separate and come off in thin layers or laminae.

   Some sandstone scales by exposure.

   • 1631, Francis [Bacon], “(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], 3rd edition, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

     Those that cast their shell are the lobster and crab; the old skins are found, but the old shells never; so it is likely that they scale off.

6. (UK, Scotland, dialect) To scatter; to spread.
7. (transitive) To clean, as the inside of a cannon, by the explosion of a small quantity of powder.
   • 1816, Jedadiah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], Tales of My Landlord, […], volumes (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for William Blackwood, […]; London: John Murray, […], →OCLC:

     cannons […] caused to be scaled and loaded

派生語

• scale off

語源 3

From Middle English scale, from Old Norse skál (“bowl”) from Proto-Germanic *skēlō. Compare Danish skål (“bowl, cup”), Dutch schaal, German Schale, Old High German scāla, 古期英語 scealu (“cup”).

名詞

scale (複数形 scales)

1. A device to measure mass or weight.

   After the long, lazy winter I was afraid to get on the scale.

2. Either of the pans, trays, or dishes of a balance or scales.

使用する際の注意点

• The noun is often used in the plural to denote a single device (originally a pair of scales had two pans).

派生語

• platform scale
• sample scale
• suspension scale
• tip the scale
• torsion scale
• turn the scale

派生した語

• → Japanese: スケール (sukēru)

Further reading

• scale up on Wikipedia.
• “scale”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• “scale”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• “scale”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.

アナグラム

• -clase, Celas, Salce, acles, alecs, claes, laces, selca