shortとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

(with the horse-hoarse merger) enPR: shôrt

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /ʃɔːt/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ʃoɹt/
• (St. Louis (Missouri)) IPA^(key): [ʃɑɹt]
• (Dublin English) IPA^(key): /ˈʃoːrt/, /ˈʃoːɻt/
• (General Australian, New Zealand) IPA^(key): /ʃoːt/
• 韻: -ɔː(ɹ)t

(without the horse–hoarse merger)

• (rhotic, e.g., 米国発音) IPA^(key): /ʃɔːɹt/
• (non-rhotic, e.g., 英国発音) IPA^(key): /ʃɔːt/
• (Dublin English, without the horse–hoarse merger) IPA^(key): /ˈʃɒːɹt/

形容詞

short (comparative shorter, superlative shortest)

1. Having a small distance from one end or edge to another, either horizontally or vertically.
2. (of a person) Of comparatively small height.
3. Having little duration.

   Antonym: long

   • 2012 March-April, Anna Lena Phillips, “Sneaky Silk Moths”, in American Scientist‎^[1], volume 100, number 2, page 172:

     Last spring, the periodical cicadas emerged across eastern North America. Their vast numbers and short above-ground life spans inspired awe and irritation in humans—and made for good meals for birds and small mammals.

   Our meeting was a short six minutes today. Every day for the past month it’s been at least twenty minutes long.

4. (followed by for) Of a word or phrase, constituting an abbreviation (for another) or shortened form (of another).

   "Phone" is short for "telephone" and "asap" short for "as soon as possible".

5. (cricket, of a fielder または fielding position) that is relatively close to the batsman.
6. (cricket, of a ball) bowled so that it bounces relatively far from the batsman.
7. (golf, of an approach shot または putt) that falls short of the green or the hole.
8. (gambling) Of betting odds, offering a small return for the money wagered.
9. (baking, of pastries, metallurgy) Brittle, crumbly. (See shortbread, shortcake, shortcrust, shortening, hot short, cold-short.)
   • 2013, Heston Blumenthal, Historic Heston, →ISBN, page 122:

     I chose to interpret the references to butter and sugar as indicating that a short pastry was required. (Later editions suggest a biscuit-like texture.)

10. Abrupt; brief; pointed; petulant.

    He gave a short answer to the question.

11. Limited in quantity; inadequate; insufficient; scanty.

    a short supply of provisions

12. Insufficiently provided; inadequately supplied, especially with money; scantily furnished; lacking.

    to be short of money

    I'd lend you the cash but I'm a little short at present.

    The cashier came up short ten dollars on his morning shift.

13. Deficient; less; not coming up to a measure or standard.

    an account which is short of the truth

    • 1829, Walter Savage Landor, “The Emperor Alexander and Capo D'Istria”, in Imaginary Conversations, volume IV:

      […] the people are worn down with taxes, and hardly anything short of an invasion could rouse them again to war.

14. (colloquial) Undiluted; neat.
    • 1846 October 1 – 1848 April 1, Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1848, →OCLC:

      “There ain’t no drain of nothing short handy, is there?” said the Chicken, generally. “This here sluicing night is hard lines to a man as lives on his condition.”
      Captain Cuttle proffered a glass of rum […]

    • 2003, Linda Chaikin, Desert Rose:

      Delance raised his beer and watched Hoadly throw down another swig of hard stuff. "Take it short if you want to make it over the mountain tonight."

15. (obsolete) Not distant in time; near at hand.
    • 1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book IV, Canto XII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 18:

      Marinell was sore offended / That his departure thence should be so short.

    • 1702–1704, Edward [Hyde, 1st] Earl of Clarendon, “(please specify |book=I to XVI)”, in The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, Begun in the Year 1641. […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed at the Theater, published 1707, →OCLC:

      He commanded those who were appointed to attend him to be ready by a short day.

    • 1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume I, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:

      But, alas! he who escapes from death is not pardoned; he is only reprieved, and reprieved to a short day.

17. (finance) Being in a financial investment position that is structured to be profitable if the price of the underlying security declines in the future.

    Coordinate term: long

    short position

    I'm short in General Motors because I think their sales are plunging.

18. (by extension) Doubtful of, skeptical of.
19. (finance, dated) Of money: given in the fewest possible notes, i.e. those of the largest denomination.

    Antonym: long

    • 1909, James Blyth, The member for Easterby, page 296:

      He pulled a cheque-book from his pocket, and drew for two hundred thousand pounds. “I'll take it short,” he said […]

使用する際の注意点

• (having a small distance between ends または edges): Short is often used in the positive vertical dimension and used as is shallow in the negative vertical dimension; in the horizontal dimension narrow is more commonly used.

同意語

• (having a small distance between ends または edges): low, narrow, slim, shallow
• (of a person, of comparatively little height): little, pint-sized, petite, titchy (スラング)
• (having little duration): brief, concise
• (constituting an abbreviation (for)): an abbreviation of, a short form of

反意語

• (having a small distance between ends または edges): tall, high, wide, broad, deep, long
• (of a person, of comparatively little height): tall
• (having little duration): long
• (cricket, of a fielder または fielding position, relatively close to the batsman): long
• (financial position expecting falling value): long

副詞

short (not comparable)

1. Abruptly, curtly, briefly.

   They had to stop short to avoid hitting the dog in the street.

   He cut me short repeatedly in the meeting.

   The boss got a message and cut the meeting short.

2. Unawares.

   The recent developments at work caught them short.

3. Without achieving a goal or requirement.

   His speech fell short of what was expected.

4. (cricket, of the manner of bounce of a cricket ball) Relatively far from the batsman and hence bouncing higher than normal; opposite of full.
5. (finance) With a negative ownership position.

   We went short most finance companies in July.

名詞

short (複数形 shorts)

1. A short circuit.
2. A short film.
   • 2012 July 12, Sam Adams; AV Club, Ice Age: Continental Drift‎^[2]:

     Preceded by a Simpsons short shot in 3-D—perhaps the only thing more superfluous than a fourth Ice Age movie—Ice Age: Continental Drift finds a retinue of vaguely contemporaneous animals coping with life in the post-Pangaea age.

3. A short version of a garment in a particular size.

   38 short suits fit me right off the rack.

   Do you have that size in a short?

4. (baseball) A shortstop.

   Jones smashes a grounder between third and short.

5. (finance) A short seller.

   The market decline was terrible, but the shorts were buying champagne.

6. (finance) A short sale or short position.

   He closed out his short at a modest loss after three months.

7. A summary account.
   • c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii]:

     For the short and the long is, our play is preferred.

8. (phonetics) A short sound, syllable, or vowel.
   • 1877, Henry Sweet, A Handbook of Phonetics, page 18:

     If we compare the nearest conventional shorts and longs in English, as in ‘bit’ and ‘beat’, ‘not’ and ‘naught’, we find that the short vowels are generally wide (i, ɔ), the long narrow (i, ɔ), besides being generally diphthongic as well.

9. (programming) An integer variable having a smaller range than normal integers; usually two bytes long.
10. (US, slang) An automobile; especially in crack shorts, to break into automobiles.
    • 1975, Mary Sanches; Ben G. Blount, Sociocultural Dimensions of Language Use, page 47:

      For example, one addict would crack shorts (break かつ enter cars) and usually obtain just enough stolen goods to buy stuff and get off just before getting sick.

    • 1982, United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice, Career Criminal Life Sentence Act of 1981: Hearings (page 87)

      […] list of all crimes reported by these 61 daily criminals during their years on the street is: theft (this includes shoplifting; "cracking shorts", burglary かつ other forms of stealing), dealing, forgery, gambling, confidence games (flim-flam, etc.) […]

派生した語

• → Cantonese: short
• → Italian: short
• → Maltese: xort

参考

• shorts

動詞

short (三人称単数 現在形 shorts, 現在分詞 shorting, 過去形および過去分詞形 shorted)

1. (transitive) To cause a short circuit in (something).
2. (intransitive, of an electrical circuit) To short circuit.
3. (transitive) To shortchange.
4. (transitive, informal) To provide with a smaller than agreed or labeled amount.

   This is the third time I’ve caught them shorting us.

5. (transitive, business) To sell something, especially securities, that one does not own at the moment for delivery at a later date in hopes of profiting from a decline in the price; to sell short.
6. (obsolete) To shorten.

派生した語

• → Maltese: xxortja

前置詞

short

1. Deficient in.

   We are short a few men on the second shift.

   He's short common sense.

2. (finance) Having a negative position in.

   I don’t want to be short the market going into the weekend.

同意語

• (deficient in): lacking, short on

派生語

アナグラム

• Horst, Stohr, Stroh, horst, hotrs, thors, trosh