Inとは 意味・読み方・使い方

接尾辞

-in

1. (biochemistry) Used, as a modification of -ine, to form the names of a variety of types of compound; examples include proteins (globulin), carbohydrates (dextrin), dyes (alizarin) and others (vanillin).
   1. a neutral chemical compound

      albumin, casein, chitin, pepsin, saponin

   2. an enzyme

      renin, pancreatin

   3. an antibiotic

      penicillin, streptomycin

   4. a pharmaceutical product

      cobalamin, niacin, vitamin

派生語

語源 2

From the particle in, modelled after sit-in. Compare -off.

接尾辞

-in

2. Attached to a word (usually a verb) to denote a protest, demonstration or other type of gathering characterized by the activity denoted by the base word.

派生語

Further reading

• Harder, K. B. (1968), “Coinages of the Type of “Sit-In.””, in American Speech, volume 43, issue 1, →DOI, pages 58–64

語源 3

Clipping of -ing.

別の表記

• -in’

接尾辞

-in

1. (proscribed, dialect) Alternative form of -ing.

接尾辞

-in

1. Alternative form of -en

   ‎elf + ‎-in → ‎elfin

アナグラム

• N.I., NI, ni

語源

Alternate pronunciation of -ing with /n/ instead of /ŋ/. It is derived from two sources:

• the 古期英語 present participle suffix -ende;
• the 古期英語 verbal noun suffix -ung/-ing.

The two 古期英語 suffixes became confused in Modern English, due at least partly to the practice of spelling them both as -ing.

接尾辞

-in'

1. (pronunciation spelling) Alternative form of -ing
   • 1946, Elizabeth Metzger Howard, Before the Sun Goes Down, page 31:

     "Jesus Christ! Was my folks refined. My mam she wouldn't think-a lettin' us young'uns call a pee pot a pee pot. A chamber's what she called it... And by God! Us young'uns had ter call the pee pot a chamber or git our God damn necks wrang."

使用する際の注意点

• In speech, the difference between the pronunciations /ɪŋ/ and /ɪn/ is usually one of formality. Most speakers tend to use /ɪŋ/ in more formal situations and /ɪn/ in less formal situations. However, some speakers can either use mainly /ɪŋ/ or mainly /ɪn/ regardless of the situation.
• In writing, both the /ɪŋ/ and the /ɪn/ pronunciations are usually spelled -ing. When writers use -in', as in makin', they are emphasizing the informality of the situation (または attempting, however accurately, to show the social status of the speaker).
• The [ɪn] pronunciation is more common for present participles and less common for verbal nouns.

参考

• -ed

アナグラム

• N.I., NI, ni

発音

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/

動詞

i'n

1. (slang, Britain, West Country) isn't

アナグラム

• N.I., NI, ni

語源 1

Preposition and verb from Middle English in, from 古期英語 in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

Adverb, noun and adjective from Middle English in, from 古期英語 inn and inne, from Proto-Germanic *innai.

Sense 1/2 "in"/"into" are from the original PIE prefix, with locative/accusative case respectively. Sense 3/4 "qualification"/"means" are from the PIE metaphor of all infinitives coming from locatives.

別の表記

• i' (口語, poetic)

前置詞

in

1. Used to indicate location, inclusion, or position within spatial, temporal or other limits.
   1. Contained by.

      The dog is in the kennel.

      There were three pickles in a jar.

   2. Within the bounds or limits of.

      I like living in the city.

      There are lots of trees in the park.

      • 2013 August 3, “Boundary problems”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

        GDP measures the total value of output in an economic territory.

   3. Surrounded by; among; amidst.

      We are in the enemy camp.

      Her plane is in the air.

      Waiter! There's a fly in my soup!

   5. Wearing (an item of clothing).

      I glanced over at the pretty girl in the red dress.

   6. Part of; a member of; out of; from among.

      You are one in a million.

      She's in an orchestra.

   8. During (a period of time).

      My birthday is in the first week of December.

      Easter falls in the fourth lunar month.

      The country reached a high level of prosperity in his first term.

   10. Within (a certain elapsed time); by the end of.

       Will you be able to finish this in a week?

       The massacre resulted in over 1000 deaths in three hours.

   12. At the end of (a period of time).

       They said they would call us in a week.

   13. (grammar, phonetics) Characterized by.

       Many English nouns in -is form their plurals in -es.

2. Into.
   • 2011 January 8, Paul Fletcher, “Stevenage 3-1 Newcastle”, in BBC:

     The ball was accidentally kicked in Kevin Nolan's face in the opening seconds of the contest – an incident that set the tone for an extremely uncomfortable encounter for the Premier League side.

   Less water gets in your boots this way.

   She stood there looking in the window longingly.

3. Used to indicate limit, qualification, condition, or circumstance.
   • 1898, J. Meade Falkner, chapter 4, in Moonfleet, London, Toronto, Ont.: Jonathan Cape, published 1934:

     In returning to the vault, I had no very sure purpose in mind; only a vague surmise that this finding of Blackbeard's coffin would somehow lead to the finding of his treasure.

   In replacing the faucet washers, he felt he was making his contribution to the environment.

   1. Indicating an order or arrangement.

      My fat rolls around in folds.

   3. Denoting a state of the subject.

      He stalked away in anger.

      John is in a coma.

   4. Indicates, connotatively, a place-like form of someone's (または something's) personality, as his, her or its psychic and physical characteristics.

      You've got a friend in me.

      He's met his match in her.

   6. Pertaining to; with regard to.

      There has been no change in his condition.

      What grade did he get in English?

4. Used to indicate means, medium, format, genre, or instrumentality.
   1. (of something offered または given in an exchange) In the form of, in the denomination of.

      Please pay me in cash — preferably in tens and twenties.

      The deposit can be in any legal tender, even in gold.

      Her generosity was rewarded in the success of its recipients.

      • 2014, Carla Bethmann, Clean, Friendly, Profitable?: Tourism, page 114:

        […] tourists sometimes attempt to pay in euros or British pounds.

   2. Used to indicate a language, script, tone, etc. of a text, speech, etc.

      Beethoven's "Symphony No. 5" in C minor is among his most popular.

      His speech was in French, but was simultaneously translated into eight languages.

      When you write in cursive, it's illegible.

      Military letters should be formal in tone, but not stilted.

下位語

• in-memory

派生語

関連する語

動詞

in (三人称単数 現在形 ins, 現在分詞 inning, 過去形および過去分詞形 inned)

1. (obsolete, transitive) To enclose.
2. (obsolete, transitive) To take in; to harvest.
   • c. 1604–1605 (date written), William Shakespeare, “All’s VVell, that Ends VVell”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:

     He that ears my land spares my team and gives me leave to in the crop.

副詞

in (not comparable)

1. At or towards the interior of a defined space, such as a building or room.

   Suddenly a strange man walked in.

   Would you like that to take away or eat in?

   He ran to the edge of the swimming pool and dived in.

   • 1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter II, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:

     Orion hit a rabbit once; but though sore wounded it got to the bury, and, struggling in, the arrow caught the side of the hole and was drawn out. Indeed, a nail filed sharp is not of much avail as an arrowhead; you must have it barbed, and that was a little beyond our skill.

2. Towards the speaker or other reference point.

   They flew in from London last night.

   For six hours the tide flows in, then for another six hours it flows out.

3. So as to be enclosed or surrounded by something.

   Bring the water to the boil and drop the vegetables in.

4. After the beginning of something.
   • 2011 October 1, Phil Dawkes, “Sunderland 2-2 West Brom”, in BBC Sport‎^[1]:

     The Black Cats had a mountain to climb after James Morrison's header and Shane Long's neat side-foot finish gave Albion a 2-0 lead five minutes in.

   The show still didn't become interesting 20 minutes in.

5. (in combination, after a verb) Denotes a gathering of people assembled for the stated activity, sometimes, though not always, suggesting a protest.

   sing-in, pray-in, hug-in; see also be-in, love-in, sit-in, teach-in.

名詞

in (複数形 ins)

1. A position of power or influence, or a way to get it.

   His parents got him an in with the company.

2. (chiefly in the plural) One who, or that which, is in; especially, one who is in office.

   Antonym: out

   • 1827, Benjamin Chew, A Sketch of the Politics, Relations, and Statistics, of the Western World, page 192:

     This memoir has nothing to do with the question between the ins and the outs; it is intended neither to support nor to assail the administration; it is general in its views upon a general and national subject; […]

3. (sports) The state of a batter/batsman who is currently batting; see innings.
4. A re-entrant angle; a nook or corner.

反意語

• out

形容詞

in (comparative more in, superlative most in)

1. (not comparable) Located indoors, especially at home or at one's office or place of work.

   Is Mr. Smith in?

2. (not comparable) Located inside something.

   Little by little I pushed the snake into the basket, until finally all of it was in.

3. (sports, of the ball または other playing implement) Falling or remaining within the bounds of the playing area.

   If the tennis ball bounces on the line then it's in.

4. Inserted or fitted into something.

   I've discovered why the TV wasn't working – the plug wasn't in!

5. Having been collected or received.

   The replies to the questionnaires are now all in.

6. In fashion; popular.

   Skirts are in this year.

7. Incoming.

   the in train

8. (nautical, of the sails of a vessel) Furled or stowed.
9. Of the tide, at or near its highest level.

   You can't get round the headland when the tide's in.

10. (law) With privilege or possession; used to denote a holding, possession, or seisin^[1]

    in by descent; in by purchase; in of the seisin of her husband

11. (cricket) Currently batting.
12. Having familiarity or involvement with somebody.
    • 2010, Joe R. Lansdale, Flaming Zeppelins: The Adventures of Ned the Seal, page 123:

      “ […] He […] took a rifle out of the batch and shot at me. I was lucky he was such a crummy shot.”
      “Why would he do that?”
      “I think he's in with them, Doctor.”
      “Them? You mean Ned and Cody?”
      “All of them. Hickok, the split tail, the whole lot.”

    He is very in with the Joneses.

13. (informal) Having a favourable position, such as a position of influence or expected gain, in relation to another person.

    I think that bird fancies you. You're in there, mate!

    • 2004, The Streets (lyrics かつ music), “Could Well Be In”:

      I saw this thing on ITV the other week,
      Said, that if she played with her hair, she's probably keen
      She's playing with her hair, well regularly,
      So I reckon I could well be in.

14. (of fire または fuel) (Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand) Burning; ablaze.
    • 1888, H.C. O’Neill, Edith A. Barnett, Our Nurses and the Work They Have to Do‎^[2], page 81:

      Blocks of compressed coal keep the fire in for a long time, but they give out very little heat.

    • 1894, Henry Kingsley, The Recollections of Geoffry Hamlyn - Volume 2‎^[3], page 183:

      “At all events,” said the Doctor, “the fire’s in, and here’s the camp-oven, too. Somebody will be here soon. I will go in and light my pipe.”

    • 1901, William Francis Barry, The Wizard’s Knot‎^[4], page 231:

      Was there any person in your own house at Renmore to keep the fire in while you were here?.

    • 2011, Rosemary Sutcliff, The Eagle of the Ninth Chronicles‎^[5]:

      Normally when they camped in the wild they took turns to sit up and keep the fire in while the others slept, […].

    • 2019, A.L.Lester, Shadows on the Border‎^[6]:

      He turned and started making up the range to keep the fire in overnight, and heard the front door click and Grant’s motor fire up. Sleep. He needed to sleep.

15. Having used, consumed , or invested a certain amount.

    I'm three drinks in right now.

    I was 500 dollars in when the stock crashed.