Inとは

接尾辞

-in

1. (biochemistry) Used, as a modification of -ine, to form the names of a variety of types of compound; examples include proteins (globulin), carbohydrates (dextrin), dyes (alizarin) and others (vanillin).
   1. a neutral chemical compound

      albumin, casein, chitin, pepsin, saponin

   2. an enzyme

      renin, pancreatin

   3. an antibiotic

      penicillin, streptomycin

   4. a pharmaceutical product

      cobalamin, niacin, vitamin

派生語

語源 2

Clipping of -ing.

別の表記

• -in’

接尾辞

-in

1. (proscribed, dialectal or eye 方言) Alternative form of -ing

アナグラム

• N.I., NI, ni

語源

Alternate pronunciation of -ing with /n/ instead of /ŋ/. It is derived from two sources:

• the 古期英語 present participle suffix -ende;
• the 古期英語 verbal noun suffix -ung/-ing.

The two 古期英語 suffixes became confused in Modern English, due at least partly to the practice of spelling them both as -ing.

接尾辞

-in'

1. (proscribed, eye 方言) Alternative form of -ing
   • 1946, Elizabeth Metzger Howard, Before the Sun Goes Down, page 31:

     "Jesus Christ! Was my folks refined. My mam she wouldn't think-a lettin' us young'uns call a pee pot a pee pot. A chamber's what she called it... And by God! Us young'uns had ter call the pee pot a chamber or git our God damn necks wrang."

使用する際の注意点

• In speech, the difference between the pronunciations /ɪŋ/ and /ɪn/ is usually one of formality. Most speakers tend to use /ɪŋ/ in more formal situations and /ɪn/ in less formal situations. However, some speakers can either use mainly /ɪŋ/ or mainly /ɪn/ regardless of the situation.
• In writing, both the /ɪŋ/ and the /ɪn/ pronunciations are usually spelled -ing. When writers use -in', as in makin', they are emphasizing the informality of the situation (または attempting, however accurately, to show the social status of the speaker).
• The [ɪn] pronunciation is more common for present participles and less common for verbal nouns.

参考

• -ed

アナグラム

• NI, ni

発音

• (強勢)
  • (Received 発音, General American, Canada, General Australian) enPR: ĭn, IPA^(key): /ɪn/
  • (General New Zealand) IPA^(key): /ɘn/
• (弱勢)
  • (Received 発音) enPR: ĭn, IPA^(key): /ɪn/
  • (General American, Canada, General Australian) enPR: ən, IPA^(key): /ən/
  • (General New Zealand) IPA^(key): /ɘn/
• 韻: -ɪn
• Homophone: inn

語源 1

From Middle English in, from 古期英語 in, from Proto-Germanic *in (whence German in, Dutch in, Danish かつ Norwegian i), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én, whence also Latin in, Irish i, Welsh yn, Ancient Greek ἐν (en) (modern Greek εν (en)), Old Armenian ի (i), Old Church Slavonic въ(н) (vŭ(n)), Russian в (v), Old Prussian en, Lithuanian į.

前置詞

A green pepper in a black rectangle.

A dog in a sink.

in

1. Used to indicate location, inclusion, or position within spatial, temporal or other limits.
   1. Contained by.

      The dog is in the kennel.

   2. Within.
      • 2013 August 3, “Boundary problems”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

        GDP measures the total value of output in an economic territory.

   3. Surrounded by.

      We are in the enemy camp.   Her plane is in the air.

   4. Part of; a member of.

      One in a million.   She's in band and orchestra.

   5. Pertaining to; with regard to.

      What grade did he get in English?

      Military letters should be formal in tone, but not stilted.

   6. At the end of a period of time.

      They said they would call us in a week.

   7. Within a certain elapsed time

      Are you able to finish this in three hours?   The massacre resulted in over 1000 deaths in three hours.

   8. During (said of periods of time).

      in the first week of December;  Easter falls in the fourth lunar month;   The country reached a high level of prosperity in his first term.

   9. (grammar, phonetics, of sounds かつ letters) Coming at the end of a word.

      English nouns in -ce form their plurals in -s.

2. Into.
   • 2011 January 8, Paul Fletcher, “Stevenage 3-1 Newcastle”, in BBC:

     The ball was accidentally kicked in Kevin Nolan's face in the opening seconds of the contest - an incident that set the tone for an extremely uncomfortable encounter for the Premier League side.

   Less water gets in your boots this way.

3. Used to indicate limit, qualification, condition, or circumstance.
   • 1898, J. Meade Falkner, Moonfleet Chapter 4

     In returning to the vault, I had no very sure purpose in mind; only a vague surmise that this finding of Blackbeard's coffin would somehow lead to the finding of his treasure.

   In replacing the faucet washers, he felt he was making his contribution to the environment.

   1. Indicating an order or arrangement.

      My fat rolls around in folds.

   2. Denoting a state of the subject.

      He stalked away in anger.   John is in a coma.

   3. Indicates, connotatively, a place-like form of someone's (または something's) personality, as his, her or its psychic and physical characteristics.

      You've got a friend in me.   He's met his match in her.

   4. Wearing (an item of clothing).

      I glanced over at the pretty girl in the red dress.

4. Used to indicate means, medium, format, genre, or instrumentality.
   1. (of something offered または given in an exchange) In the form of, in the denomination of.

      Please pay me in cash — preferably in tens and twenties.

      The deposit can be in any legal tender, even in gold.

      Her generosity was rewarded in the success of its recipients.

      • 2014, Carla Bethmann, Clean, Friendly, Profitable?: Tourism, page 114:

        […] tourists sometimes attempt to pay in euros or British pounds.

   2. Used to indicate a language, script, tone, etc. of a text, speech, etc.

      Beethoven's "Symphony No. 5" in C minor is among his most popular.

      His speech was in French, but was simultaneously translated into eight languages.

      When you write in cursive, it's illegible.

下位語

• in-memory

派生語

関連する語

動詞

in (三人称単数 現在形 ins, 現在分詞 inning, 過去形および過去分詞形 inned)

1. (obsolete, transitive) To enclose.
2. (obsolete, transitive) To take in; to harvest.
   • (Can we date this quote?) Shakespeare

     He that ears my land spares my team and gives me leave to in the crop.

語源 2

From Middle English in, from 古期英語 inne.

副詞

in (not comparable)

1. (not comparable) Located indoors, especially at home or the office, or inside something.

   Is Mr. Smith in?

2. Moving to the interior of a defined space, such as a building or room.

   Suddenly a strange man walked in.

   • 1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter II, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], OCLC 752825175, page 071:

     Orion hit a rabbit once; but though sore wounded it got to the bury, and, struggling in, the arrow caught the side of the hole and was drawn out. Indeed, a nail filed sharp is not of much avail as an arrowhead; you must have it barbed, and that was a little beyond our skill.

3. (sports) Still eligible to play, e.g. able to bat in cricket and baseball.

   He went for the wild toss but wasn't able to stay in.

4. (Britain) Abbreviation of in aid of.

   What's that in?

5. After the beginning of something.
   • 2011 October 1, Phil Dawkes, “Sunderland 2-2 West Brom”, in BBC Sport:

     The Black Cats had a mountain to climb after James Morrison's header and Shane Long's neat side-foot finish gave Albion a 2-0 lead five minutes in.

名詞

in (複数形 ins)

1. A position of power or a way to get it.

   His parents got him an in with the company

2. (sports) The state of a batter/batsman who is currently batting – see innings
3. A re-entrant angle; a nook or corner.

反意語

• out

形容詞

in (comparative more in, superlative most in)

1. In fashion; popular.

   Skirts are in this year.

2. Incoming.

   the in train

3. (nautical, of the sails of a vessel) Furled or stowed.
4. (law) With privilege or possession; used to denote a holding, possession, or seisin.

   in by descent; in by purchase; in of the seisin of her husband

   (Can we find かつ add a quotation of Burrill to this entry?)

5. (cricket) Currently batting.

語源 3

Abbreviation of inch.

名詞

in (複数形 ins)

1. Inch.

参照

• Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans, "Bounded landmarks", in The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 0-521-81430 8

アナグラム

• N.I., NI, ni

Latin

別の表記

• endo, indu (Old Latin)

語源

From Old Latin en, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”). Cognates include Ancient Greek ἐν (en), Old Prussian en and 古期英語 in (English in).

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /in/, [ɪn]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /in/

前置詞

in (+ accusative, ablative)

1. (+ ablative) in, at, on, from (space)
   • 29 bc. Vergil. Georgics, III

     omne adeo genvs in terris hominvmqve ferarvmqve
     et genvs æqvorevm pecvdes pictæqve volvcres
     in fvrias ignemqve rvvnt

     So far does every species on earth of man and beast,
     whether the aquatic species, livestock, or painted-winged,
     collapse into the frenzies and the fire.

   • Seneca

     venenum in auro bibitur

     Poison is drunk from a gold cup.

2. (+ dative) within, while in (time)
3. (+ accusative) into, to
   • 29 bc. Vergil. Georgics, III

     omne adeo genvs in terris hominvmqve ferarvmqve
     et genvs æqvorevm pecvdes pictæqve volvcres
     in fvrias ignemqve rvvnt

     So far does every species on earth of man and beast,
     whether the aquatic species, livestock, or painted-winged,
     collapse into the frenzies and the fire.

   • 1774, Finnur Jónsson, Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiæ 1:

     De introductione religionis Christianæ in Islandiam.

     On the introduction of Christianity to Iceland.

4. (+ accusative) about
5. (+ accusative) according to
6. (+ accusative) against

反意語

• ex

派生語

派生した語

引用

• For quotations of use of this term, see Citations:in.

語源

From Proto-Germanic *in, whence also Old Saxon and Old High German in, Old Norse í. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.

発音

• IPA^(key): /in/

前置詞

in

1. (Anglian) in

派生語

• inlīċ
• inlīċe

派生した語

• Middle English: in
  • English: in
  • Scots: in

別の表記

• en-

接頭辞

in-

1. in, into, towards, within.

   inhold, inmove, intake, inthrill

   inborn, inbound

   infield, infighting, insight, intalk, inwork

反意語

• out-

関連する語

語源 2

From Middle English in-, borrowed (in words of latinate origin) from Latin in-, from Latin in, from Proto-Indo-European *en (cognate to Germanic in-, above). Often borrowed from French in- (e.g. incise, incite, incline, indication), or as French en-, originally from Latin in.

接頭辞

in-

1. in, into

   Note: Before certain letters, in- becomes:

   • il- before l, e.g. illusion
   • im- before b, m, or p, e.g. imperil
   • ir- before r, e.g. irrigate

使用する際の注意点

In direction sense, used in Latinate terms, and opposed by ex-, e-, rather than Germanic out-; senses not always strict antonyms. Examples include infiltrate/exfiltrate, ingress/egress, invade/evade.

反意語

• e-
• ex-

関連する語

語源 3

From Middle English in-, borrowed (in words of latinate origin) from Latin in- (“not”). Sometimes the Latin word has passed through French before reaching English (e.g. incapable, incertainty, inclement, incompatible). Compare un-.