mediumとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• enPR: mē'diəm, IPA^(key): /ˈmiː.di.əm/
• 韻: -iːdiəm

名詞

medium (複数形 media または mediums)

1. The material of the surrounding environment, e.g. solid, liquid, gas, vacuum, or a specific substance such as a solvent.
3. The materials or empty space through which signals, waves, or forces pass.
   • 1626, Francis Bacon, Sylva Sylvarum: or A Naturall Historie, London: William Lee, III. Century, p. 60,^[1]

     Whether any other Liquours, being made Mediums, cause a Diuersity of Sound from Water, it may be tried:

   • 1642, John Denham, The Sophy, London: Thomas Walkley, Act II, Scene 1, page 12,^[2]

     He’s old and jealous, apt for suspitions, gainst which tyrants ears

     Are never clos’d. The Prince is young,

     Fierce, and ambitious, I must bring together

     All these extreames, and then remove all Mediums,

     That each may be the others object.

5. A format for communicating or presenting information.
   • 1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], chapter XLV, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 272:

     ...at all events, she drank in with eager ear, and admiring mind, anecdote and history of all those excellent traits of disposition, and nobleness of conduct, which made him the idol of his describer, and gave her a knowledge of his temper and character, and the manner in which his boyhood and youth had passed, which she could never have gained by any other medium, and which it was unquestionably right she should know.

   • 2015, “Staging the Politics of Difference: Homi Bhabha's Critical Literacy, Gary A. Olson and Lynn Worsham.”, in Gary A. Olson, Lynn Worsham, Henry A. Giroux, editor, Politics of Possibility: Encountering the Radical Imagination, page 133:

     Too often writing—in the broadest sense—is treated as a communicational medium where the subjects of that communication are constituted prior to the writing, where the objects of that communication are also constituted prior to that writing, and where the task of writing is seen as transparently mediating between already pregiven subjects, pregiven objects, and a preconstituted mise en scène.

6. (microbiology) A nutrient substance, commonly a solution or solid, for the growth of cells in vitro.
   • 1996, Samuel Baron, editor, Medical Microbiology:

     In some instances one can take advantage of differential carbohydrate fermentation capabilities of microorganisms by incorporating one or more carbohydrates in the medium along with a suitable pH indicator. Such media are called differential media (e.g., eosin methylene blue または MacConkey agar) and are commonly used to isolate enteric bacilli.

7. (biology, horticulture etc.) A substance, structure, or environment in which living organisms subsist, grow or are cultured.
   • 1895, Bashford Dean., Fishes, Living and Fossil:

     The density of the living medium of fishes exerts upon them a mechanical influence; they are, so to say, balanced in water, free to proceed in all planes of direction...

8. A means, channel, agency or go-between through which communication, commerce, etc is conveyed or carried on, or by which an aim is achieved.
   • 2007, Reuben Gold Thwaites, Early Western Travels, 1748-1846, Reprint Services Corporation, →ISBN, page 186:

     His loyalty to the English was doubtful and wavering, and his opposition to Post's journey was probably due to fears that his own importance as a medium between the Ohio Indians and the English would be diminished by the former's success.

9. (engineering) The materials used to finish a workpiece using a mass finishing or abrasive blasting process.

派生語

• cool medium
• hot medium
• (microbiology, nutrient solution): differential medium

名詞

medium (複数形 mediums または media)

1. A liquid base which carries pigment in paint.
2. (painting) A means of expression, in the arts, such as a material (oil, pastel, clay, etc) or method or style (expressionism, jazz, etc).

   Acrylics, oils, charcoal, and gouache are all mediums I used in my painting.

   • 1898, Missouri Department of Education, Report of the Public Schools of the State of Missouri, page 98:

     Heretofore in following the course, the student has been confined to black and white in the medium of charcoal, pen and ink or pencil. The first introduction to color is by means of the Still Life painting class.

   • 1966, John P. Sedgwick, Discovering Modern Art: The Intelligent Layman's Guide to Painting from Impressionism to Pop:

     It was the woodcut, however, that emerged as the favorite graphic medium of Expressionism. Rejecting the almost limitless pictorial possibilities of lithography, which had dominated printmaking during the nineteenth century, […]

   • 1967, Barnet Kottler; Martin Light, The World of Words: A Language Reader:

     So we get a people in rebellion against a dominant majority, but forced to rebel secretly, to sublimate, as the psychologist would put it — to express themselves culturally through the medium of jaz , and linguistically through a code, a jargon  ...

   • 1974, Karl Siegfried Weimar, German Language and Literature: Seven Essays, Prentice Hall:

     Prose is not the preferred medium of expressionism, yet some outstanding individual examples come to mind, for example: Robert Walser's (1876–1956) surrealistic miniatures and novels of a dreamlike structure reminiscent of Kafka […]

   • 1999, Jet, page 29:

     The Pulitzer board said the award was given “in recognition of his musical genius, which evoked aesthetically the principles of democracy through the medium of jazz and thus made an indelible contribution to art and culture.”

名詞

medium (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 mediums)

1. (countable, spiritualism) Someone who supposedly conveys information from the spirit world.
   • 1925 July – 1926 May, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “(please specify the chapter number)”, in The Land of Mist (eBook no. 0601351h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, published April 2019:

     The hall was not too well lit and dark shadows lurked in the corners. The medium still bent her head as if her ears were straining.

2. (uncountable, especially clothing, food or drink) One of several common sizes to which an item may be manufactured.

   Synonym: M

3. (countable, especially clothing, food or drink) An item labelled or denoted as being that size.
4. (countable, especially with respect to clothing) One who fits an item of that size.
5. (countable, Ireland, dated, informal) A half-pint serving of Guinness (または other stout in some regions).
6. (countable) A middle place or degree.

   a happy medium

   • 1692, Roger L’Estrange, “[The Fables of Anianus, &c.] Fab[le] 215. An Oak and a Willow, Reflexion.”, in Fables, of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists: […], London: […] R[ichard] Sare, […], →OCLC, page 188:

     […] the Just Medium of This Case lies betwixt the Pride, and the Abjection of the Two Extreams.

   • 1815 December (indicated as 1816), [Jane Austen], chapter 2, in Emma: […], volume (please specify |volume=I, II または III), London: […] [Charles Roworth and James Moyes] for John Murray, →OCLC, page 29:

     Her height was pretty […] her figure particularly graceful; her size a most becoming medium, between fat and thin […]

   • 1849 May – 1850 November, Charles Dickens, chapter 44, in The Personal History of David Copperfield, London: Bradbury & Evans, […], published 1850, →OCLC, page 453:

     In search of the principle on which joints ought to be roasted, to be roasted enough, and not too much, I myself referred to the Cookery Book […] . But the principle always failed us by some curious fatality, and we never could hit any medium between redness and cinders.

7. (countable, dated) An average; sometimes the mathematical mean.
   • 1769, [Edmund Burke], Observations on a Late State of the Nation, 3rd edition, London: […] J[ames] Dodsley, […], →OCLC, page 13:

     a medium of six years of war, and six years of peace

8. (countable, logic) The mean or middle term of a syllogism, that by which the extremes are brought into connection.

派生語

• (person claiming to convey information from the spirit world): mediumistic, mediumism, mediumship
• (middle place または degree): happy medium, strike a medium

形容詞

medium (not comparable)

1. (obsolete) Arithmetically average.
2. Of intermediate size, degree, amount etc.
3. Of meat, cooked to a point greater than rare but less than well done; typically, so the meat is still red in the centre.
4. (especially clothing, food or drink) That is medium (the manufactured size).

同意語

• See also Thesaurus:intermediate

派生語

• medium wave, mediumwave

関連する語

• mean
• mediate
• mediation
• mediator
• median
• mediocre
• mediocrity

副詞

medium (not comparable)

1. To a medium extent.

同意語

• mediumly

参照

• “medium”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• “medium”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.

アナグラム

• edimmu

Latin

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈme.di.um/, [ˈmɛd̪iʊ̃ˑ]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈme.di.um/, [ˈmɛːd̪ium]

形容詞

medium

1. inflection of medius:
   1. masculine accusative singular
   2. neuter nominative/accusative/vocative singular

名詞

medium n (genitive mediī または medī); second declension

1. middle, center, medium, midst
2. community, public, publicity

語形変化

Second-declension noun (neuter).

¹Found in older Latin (until the Augustan Age).

派生語

• e medio abeo
• in medio

派生した語

名詞

medium

1. accusative/genitive singular of medius

参照

• “medium”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “medium”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• medium in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius かつ others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[3], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) the Mediterranean Sea: mare medium or internum
    
  • (ambiguous) the middle ages: media quae vocatur aetas
    
  • (ambiguous) manhood: aetas constans, media, firmata, corroborata (not virilis)
    
  • (ambiguous) to remove a person: e or de medio tollere
    
  • (ambiguous) to become known, become a topic of common conversation (used of things): foras efferri, palam fieri, percrebrescere, divulgari, in medium proferri, exire, emanare
    
  • (ambiguous) to leave a thing undecided: aliquid in medio, in dubio relinquere (Cael. 20. 48)
    
  • (ambiguous) elevated, moderate, plain style: genus dicendi grave or grande, medium, tenue (cf. Or. 5. 20; 6. 21)
    
  • (ambiguous) to bring a subject forward into discussion: in medium proferre aliquid
    
  • (ambiguous) to publish, make public: in medio ponere (proponere)
    
  • (ambiguous) to break off in the middle of the conversation: medium sermonem abrumpere (Verg. Aen. 4. 388)
    
  • (ambiguous) to be neutral: medium esse
    
  • (ambiguous) to be neutral: medium se gerere
    
  • (ambiguous) the centre of the marching column: agmen medium (Liv. 10. 41)
    
  • (ambiguous) the centre: media acies
    
  • (ambiguous) let us leave that undecided: hoc in medio relinquamus