waterとは

意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (United Kingdom)
  • (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /ˈwɔːtə/
    • (England, Estuary English) IPA^(key): [woːʔɐ]
    • (dialectal) IPA^(key): /ˈwɒtə/, /ˈwɒtəɹ/
  • (North America)
    • (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈwɔtəɹ/, [ˈwɔɾɚ], enPR: wôtər
    • (米国発音, cot–caught merger, Canada) IPA^(key): /ˈwɑtəɹ/, [ˈwɑɾɚ], enPR: wŏtər
    • (NYC, Philadelphia) IPA^(key): /ˈwʊtəɹ/, [ˈwʊɾɚ]
  • (General Australian) IPA^(key): /ˈwoːtə/, [ˈwoːɾə]
  • (General New Zealand) IPA^(key): /ˈwoːtɘ/
  • (Indian English) IPA^(key): [ˈʋɔːtə], [ˈʋɔːtəɹ]
  • (廃れた用法) IPA^(key): /ˈwætəɹ/
  • ハイフネーション: wa‧ter
  • 韻: -ɔːtə(ɹ), -ɒtə(ɹ)

語源 1

From Middle English water, from 古期英語 wæter (“water”), from Proto-Germanic *watōr (“water”), from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥ (“water”).

名詞

water (1,2)

water (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 waters)

2. (uncountable) A substance (of molecular formula H₂O) found at room temperature and pressure as a clear liquid; it is present naturally as rain, and found in rivers, lakes and seas; its solid form is ice and its gaseous form is steam.

   By the action of electricity, the water was resolved into its two parts, oxygen and hydrogen.

   • 2013 September-October, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist:

     Oxygen levels on Earth skyrocketed 2.4 billion years ago, when cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis: the ability to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

   1. (uncountable, in particular) The liquid form of this substance: liquid H₂O.

      May I have a glass of water?

      Your plants need more water.

      • 1835, Sir John Ross, Sir James Clark Ross, Narrative of a Second Voyage in Search of a North-west Passage …, Volume 1, pp.284-5

        Towards the following morning, the thermometer fell to 5°; and at daylight, there was not an atom of water to be seen in any direction.

      • 2002, Arthur T. Hubbard, Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science →ISBN, page 4895:

        A water drop placed on the surface of ice can either spread or form a lens depending on the properties of the three phases involved in wetting, i.e., on the properties of the ice, water, and gas phases.

      • 2013 May 11, “The climate of Tibet: Pole-land”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8835, page 80:

        Of all the transitions brought about on the Earth’s surface by temperature change, the melting of ice into water is the starkest. It is binary. And for the land beneath, the air above and the life around, it changes everything.

      • For more examples of usage of this term, see Citations:water.
   2. (countable) A serving of liquid water.
      • 2006, Lori Foster, Erin McCarthy, Amy Garvey, Bad Boys of Summer, →ISBN, page 91:

        Joe bustled back and offered her a glass of wine but she shook her head. “Just a water, please.”

3. (alchemy, philosophy) The aforementioned liquid, considered one of the Classical elements or basic elements of alchemy.

   And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.

   He showed me the river of living water, sparkling like crystal, flowing from the throne of God.

4. (uncountable or in the plural) Water in a body; an area of open water.
   • c. 1595–1596, William Shakespeare, “Loues Labour’s Lost”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act V, scene i], page 138, column 2:

     Roſa. O vain peticioner, beg a greater matter, / Thou now requeſts but Mooneſhine in the water.

   • 1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, chapter 1, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

     'Twas early June, the new grass was flourishing everywheres, the posies in the yard—peonies and such—in full bloom, the sun was shining, and the water of the bay was blue, with light green streaks where the shoal showed.

   • 2019, VOA Learning English (public domain)

     The president expressed hope that creating rain over waters between the countries would help reduce pollution.

   The boat was found within the territorial waters.

   These seals are a common sight in the coastal waters of Chile.

5. (poetic, archaic or dialectal) A body of water, almost always a river.
   • 1865, William Allingham (ed.), The Ballad Book: a selection of the choicest British ballads, William and May Margaret, or the Water of Clyde:

     But ere he came to Clyde's water, fu' loud the wind did blaw.

   • 1526, William Tyndale (tr.), Bible, Acts VIII:

     And as they went on their waye, they cam unto a certayne water, and the gelded man sayde: Se here is water, what shall lett me to be baptised?

   • (Can we date this quote?), Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Morte D'Arthur:

     On one side lay the Ocean, and on one / Lay a great water, and the moon was full.

6. A combination of water and other substance(s).
   1. (sometimes countable) Mineral water.

      Perrier is the most popular water in this restaurant.

   2. (countable, often in the plural) Spa water.

      Many people visit Bath to take the waters.

   3. (pharmacy) A solution in water of a gaseous or readily volatile substance.

      ammonia water

   4. Urine. [from 15th c.]
      • 1999, George RR Martin, A Clash of Kings, Bantam, published 2011, page 458:

        Ser Dunaver's squire Jodge could not hold his water when he slept.

   5. Amniotic fluid. (Used only in the plural in the UK but often also in the singular in North America. (The Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary says "often used in 複数形; also: bag of waters".))

      Before the child is born, the pregnant woman’s water breaks. (North America)

      Before your child is born, your water(s) will break. (North America)

      Before the child is born, the pregnant woman’s waters break. (英国用法)

   6. (colloquial, medicine) Fluids in the body, especially when causing swelling.

      He suffers from water on the knee.

7. (figuratively, in the plural or in the singular) A state of affairs; conditions; usually with an adjective indicating an adverse condition.

   The rough waters of change will bring about the calm after the storm.

8. (colloquial, figuratively) A person's intuition.

   I know he'll succeed. I feel it in my waters.

9. (uncountable, dated, finance) Excess valuation of securities.
   • 1902 August 2, “Too Much Water to Suit Cummins”, in The Atlanta Constitution:

     Iowa Governor Will Fight Rock Island Reorganization. He Says That Under the New Plan Too Much Water Is Put Into the Stock—Believes Plan Is Out of Harmony with Iowa Laws.

   • 1920 April 11, “Says Stock 'Water' Didn't Affect Fare”, in New York Times:

     the outstanding stock and bond obligations of the company were reduced from $34,000,000 to $24,000,000 by squeezing out the water.

10. The limpidity and lustre of a precious stone, especially a diamond.

    a diamond of the first water is perfectly pure and transparent

    • 1928, Virginia Woolf, Orlando:

      And when she raised it to see what caused this agitation, she saw nothing—nothing but the vast solitary emerald which Queen Elizabeth had given her. And was that not enough? she asked. It was of the finest water.

11. A wavy, lustrous pattern or decoration such as is imparted to linen, silk, metals, etc.

別の表記

• wahter, wahtuh (eye 方言)

同意語

• See also Thesaurus:water
• See also Thesaurus:urine

反意語

• (liquid H₂O): ice, steam, water vapor/water vapour
• (basic elements): earth, air/wind, fire; wood, metal; void/ether

上位語

• (chemical having the formula H₂O): chemical, substance
• (liquid H₂O): liquid, fluid
• (basic elements): element
• (urine): body fluid, bodily fluid, biofluid

下位語

• (chemical having the formula H₂O): ammonia-water, heavy water; ice, steam, water vapor/water vapour
• (liquid H₂O): drinkwater, freshwater, meltwater, mineral water; hard water, soft water

Meronyms

• (chemical having the formula H₂O): hydrogen, oxygen

派生語

派生した語

語源 2

From Middle English wateren, watren, from 古期英語 wæterian, ġewæterian, from Proto-Germanic *watrōną, *watrijaną, from Proto-Germanic *watōr (“water”), from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥ (“water”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian woaterje (“to water”), West Frisian wetterje (“to water”), Dutch wateren (“to water”), German Low German watern (“to water”), German wässern (“to water”), Danish vande (“to water”), Swedish vattna (“to water”), Icelandic vatna (“to water”).

動詞

water (三人称単数 現在形 waters, 現在分詞 watering, 過去形および過去分詞形 watered)

to water (1)

1. (transitive) To pour water into the soil surrounding (plants).
   • 1900, L. Frank Baum, chapter 24, in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz:

     Aunt Em had just come out of the house to water the cabbages when she looked up and saw Dorothy running toward her.

2. (transitive) To wet or supply with water; to moisten; to overflow with water; to irrigate.
   • 1667, John Milton, “Book 9”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: Printed [by Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […] [a]nd by Robert Boulter […] [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], OCLC 228722708; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: The Text Exactly Reproduced from the First Edition of 1667: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, OCLC 230729554:

     tears watering the ground

   • (Can we date this quote by Longfellow かつ provide title, author's full name, かつ other details?)

     Men whose lives glided on like rivers that water the woodlands.

4. (transitive) To provide (animals) with water for drinking.

   I need to go water the cattle.

5. (intransitive) To get or take in water.

   The ship put into port to water.

6. (transitive, colloquial) To urinate onto.

   Nature called, so I stepped into the woods and watered a tree.

7. (transitive) To dilute.

   Can you water the whisky, please?

8. (transitive, dated, finance) To overvalue (securities), especially through deceptive accounting.
   • 1930 April 10, “Calls Rail Holding Companies Threat”, in The Sun:

     such agencies would make it possible for the railroads to water stock and evade the law subjecting security issues to public regulation

9. (intransitive) To fill with or secrete water.

   Chopping onions makes my eyes water.

   The smell of fried onions makes my mouth water.

10. (transitive) To wet and calender, as cloth, so as to impart to it a lustrous appearance in wavy lines; to diversify with wavelike lines.

    to water silk

同意語

• (urinate): (see the list of synonyms in the entry "urinate")
• (dilute): water down

反意語

• (dilute): refine

派生語

Further reading

• water in The Century Dictionary, The Century Co., New York, 1911
• water in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.

アナグラム

• Ewart, tawer