crossとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Middle English cross, cros, from 古期英語 cros (“rood, cross”), from Old Norse kross (“cross”), perhaps from Old Irish cros (compare Welsh croes, Irish crois), from Latin crux (cruci). Cognate with Icelandic kross (“cross”), Faroese krossur (“cross”), Danish kors (“cross”), Swedish kors (“cross”), German Kreuz (“cross”), Dutch kruis (“cross”). In this sense displaced native Middle English rood, from 古期英語 rōd; see rood. The sense of "two intersecting lines drawn or cut on a surface; two lines intersecting at right angles" without regard to religious signification develops from the late 14th century.

発音

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /kɹɒs/, (especially formerly) /kɹɔːs/
• (General American, General Australian) enPR: krôs, IPA^(key): /kɹɔs/
• (cot–caught merger, Canada) enPR: krŏs, IPA^(key): /kɹɑs/
• 韻: -ɒs, -ɔːs

名詞

cross (複数形 crosses)

1. A geometrical figure consisting of two straight lines or bars intersecting each other such that at least one of them is bisected by the other.

   Put a cross for a wrong answer and a tick for a right one.

2. (heraldry) Any geometric figure having this or a similar shape, such as a cross of Lorraine or a Maltese cross.
3. A wooden post with a perpendicular beam attached and used (especially in the Roman Empire) to execute criminals (by crucifixion).

   Criminals were commonly executed on a wooden cross.

4. (Christianity) Usually with the: the cross on which Christ was crucified.
   • 1811, Walter Scott, The Vision of Don Roderick; a Poem, Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for John Ballantyne and Co. […]; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, →OCLC, stanza XXVII, page 31:

     From the dim landscape roll the clouds away— / The Christians have regained their heritage; / Before the Cross has waned the Crescent's ray, / And many a monastery decks the stage, / And lofty church, and low-brow'd hermitage.

5. (Christianity) A hand gesture made in imitation of the shape of the Cross.

   She made the cross after swearing.

6. (Christianity) A modified representation of the crucifixion stake, worn as jewellery or displayed as a symbol of religious devotion.

   She was wearing a cross on her necklace.

7. (figurative, from Christ's bearing of the cross) A difficult situation that must be endured.

   It's a cross I must bear.

   • 1641, Ben Jonson, Timber

     Heaven prepares good men with crosses.

8. The act of going across; the act of passing from one side to the other

   A quick cross of the road.

9. (biology) An animal or plant produced by crossbreeding or cross-fertilization.
10. (by extension) A hybrid of any kind.
    • 1856, Lord Dufferin, Letters from High Latitudes

      Toning down the ancient Viking into a sort of a cross between Paul Jones and Jeremy Diddler

11. (boxing) A hook thrown over the opponent's punch.
12. (soccer) A pass in which the ball is kicked from a side of the pitch to a position close to the opponent’s goal.
    • 2010 December 29, Chris Whyatt, “Chelsea 1 - 0 Bolton”, in BBC‎^[1]:

      And Stamford Bridge erupted with joy as Florent Malouda slotted in a cross from Drogba, who had stayed just onside.

13. A place where roads intersect and lead off in four directions; a crossroad (common in UK かつ Irish place names such as Gerrards Cross).
14. A monument that marks such a place. (Also common in UK または Irish place names such as Charing Cross)
15. (obsolete) A coin stamped with the figure of a cross, or that side of such a piece on which the cross is stamped; hence, money in general.
    • c. 1598–1600 (date written), William Shakespeare, “As You Like It”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:

      I should bear no cross if I did bear you; for I think you have no money in your purse.

16. (obsolete, Ireland) Church lands.
    • 1612, John Davies, Discoverie of the True Causes why Ireland was never entirely subdued

      the church-lands lying within the same, which were called the Cross

17. A line drawn across or through another line.
18. (surveying) An instrument for laying of offsets perpendicular to the main course.
19. A pipe-fitting with four branches whose axes usually form a right angle.
20. (Rubik's Cube) Four edge cubies of one side that are in their right places, forming the shape of a cross.
21. (cartomancy) The thirty-sixth Lenormand card.
22. (slang) crossfire.

同意語

• (production of cross-breeding または -fertilization): hybrid
• (cross on which Christ was crucified): True Cross

派生語

関連する語

派生した語

• → Japanese: クロス (kurosu)

形容詞

cross (comparative crosser, superlative crossest)

1. Transverse; lying across the main direction.

   At the end of each row were cross benches which linked the rows.

   • 1704, I[saac] N[ewton], “(please specify |book=1 to 3)”, in Opticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light. […], London: […] Sam[uel] Smith, and Benj[amin] Walford, printers to the Royal Society, […], →OCLC:

     the cross refraction of the second prism

2. (archaic) Opposite, opposed to.

   His actions were perversely cross to his own happiness.

3. (now rare) Opposing, adverse; being contrary to what one would hope or wish for.
   • 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:

     , New York Review of Books, 2001, p.50:

     As a fat body is more subject to diseases, so are rich men to absurdities and fooleries, to many casualties and cross inconveniences.

   • c. 1650, Jeremy Taylor, Of Contentedness

     a cross fortune

   • 1665, Joseph Glanvill, Scepsis Scientifica:

     the cross and unlucky issue of my designs

   • 1694, Robert South, Christianity Mysterious, and the Wisdom of God in Making it So (sermon preached at Westminster Abbey on April 29, 1694)

     The article of the resurrection seems to lie marvellously cross to the common experience of mankind.

   • 1675, John Dryden, Aureng-zebe: A Tragedy. […], London: […] T[homas] N[ewcomb] for Henry Herringman, […], published 1676, →OCLC, (please specify the page number):

     We are both love's captives, but with fates so cross, / One must be happy by the other's loss.

4. (chiefly Britain) Bad-tempered, angry, annoyed.

   She was rather cross about missing her train on the first day of the job.

   Please don't get cross at me. (or) Please don't get cross with me.

   • 1650/1651, Jeremy Taylor, The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living

     He had received a cross answer from his mistress.

5. Made in an opposite direction, or an inverse relation; mutually inverse; interchanged.

   cross interrogatories

   cross marriages, as when a brother and sister marry persons standing in the same relation to each other

6. (nautical) Of the sea, having two wave systems traveling at oblique angles, due to the wind over shifting direction or the waves of two storm systems meeting.
   • 1887, Harriet W. Daly, Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia, page 15:

     As my father remarked to me when I stole on deck to view the state of affairs, the sea was a "cross one," and very difficult to steer against.

同意語

• (opposite to): contrarily, opposed, reverse, antipodal
• (mildly angry): angry, annoyed, irritated

派生語

前置詞

cross

1. (archaic) across

   She walked cross the mountains.

   • 1692, Roger L’Estrange, “ (please specify the fable number.) (please specify the name of the fable.)”, in Fables, of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists: […], London: […] R[ichard] Sare, […], →OCLC:

     A fox was taking a walk one night cross a village.

2. cross product of the previous vector and the following vector.

   The Lorentz force is q times v cross B.

派生語

関連する語

• dot
• × (the multiplication sign)

動詞

cross (三人称単数 現在形 crosses, 現在分詞 crossing, 過去形および過去分詞形 crossed)

1. To make or form a cross.
   1. To place across or athwart; to cause to intersect.

      She frowned and crossed her arms.

   2. To lay or draw something across, such as a line.

      to cross the letter t

   3. To mark with an X.

      Cross the box which applies to you.

   4. To write lines of text at right angles to and over the top of one another in order to save paper.^W
      • 1977, Agatha Christie, chapter 4, in An Autobiography, part I, London: Collins, →ISBN:

        An indulgent playmate, Grannie would lay aside the long scratchy-looking letter she was writing (heavily crossed ‘to save notepaper’) and enter into the delightful pastime of ‘a chicken from Mr Whiteley's’.

   5. (reflexive, to cross oneself) To make the sign of the cross over oneself.
      • 1846, Nathaniel Hawthorne, “Rappaccini's Daughter”, in Mosses from an Old Manse:

        Again Beatrice crossed herself and sighed heavily as she bent over the dead insect.

   6. (transitive) To make the sign of the cross over (something または someone).
      • 1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, H.L. Brækstad, transl., Folk and Fairy Tales, page 298:

        "Well, no! that's what I cannot make out either," said the mother quite innocently, "for I've had castor in the cradle, - I have crossed him, and I put a silver brooch in his shirt, and I stuck a knife in the beam over the door, so I don't know how they could have managed to change him."

2. To move relatively.
   1. (transitive) To go from one side of (something) to the other.

      Why did the chicken cross the road?

      You need to cross the street at the lights.

      • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

        Now we plunged into a deep shade with the boughs lacing each other overhead, and crossed dainty, rustic bridges over the cold trout-streams, the boards giving back the clatter of our horses' feet: or anon we shot into a clearing, with a colored glimpse of the lake and its curving shore far below us.

      • 2012 June 19, Phil McNulty, “England 1-0 Ukraine”, in BBC Sport:

        Ukraine, however, will complain long and hard about a contentious second-half incident when Marko Devic's shot clearly crossed the line before it was scrambled away by John Terry, only for the officials to remain unmoved.

      • 2021 December 29, Philip Haigh, “Rail's role in unifying Great Britain and Northern Ireland”, in RAIL, number 947, page 24:

        Whatever the merits or otherwise of Scottish independence or a united UK, plenty of people cross the border every year.

   2. (intransitive) To travel in a direction or path that will intersect with that of another.

      Ships crossing from starboard have right-of-way.

   3. (transitive) To pass, as objects going in an opposite direction at the same time.
      • November 4, 1866, James David Forbes, letter to E. C. Batten Esq.

        Your kind letter crossed mine.

   4. (sports) Relative movement by a player or of players.
      1. (cricket, reciprocally) Of both batsmen, to pass each other when running between the wickets in order to score runs.
      2. (soccer) To pass the ball from one side of the pitch to the other side.

         He crossed the ball into the penalty area.

      3. (rugby) To score a try.
         • 2011 February 12, Mark Orlovac, “England 59-13 Italy”, in BBC:

           England cut loose at the end of the half, Ashton, Mark Cueto and Mike Tindall all crossing before the break.

3. (social) To oppose.
   1. (transitive) To contradict (another) or frustrate the plans of.

      "You'll rue the day you tried to cross me, Tom Hero!" bellowed the villain.

      • 1849 May – 1850 November, Charles Dickens, The Personal History of David Copperfield, London: Bradbury & Evans, […], published 1850, →OCLC:

        At length I begged him, with all the earnestness I felt, to tell me what had occurred to cross him so unusually, and to let me sympathize with him, if I could not hope to advise him.

      • 1995, Artis Ivey, Jr.; Karry Sanders; Doug Rasheed (lyrics), “Gangsta's Paradise”, in Gangsta's Paradise (CD), Tommy Boy, →OCLC, performed by Coolio; L.V.:

        But I ain't never crossed a man that didn't deserve it / Me be treated like a punk, you know that's unheard of / You better watch how you talkin' and where you walkin' / Or you and your homies might be lined in chalk

   2. (transitive, obsolete) To interfere and cut off ; to debar.
      • c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

        to cross me from the golden time I look for

   3. (law) To conduct a cross examination; to question a hostile witness.
4. (biology) To cross-fertilize or crossbreed.

   They managed to cross a sheep with a goat.

5. (transitive) To stamp or mark (a cheque) in such a way as to prevent it being cashed, thus requiring it to be deposited into a bank account.
   • 1924, Commerce Reports (volume 1, issue 13, page 849)

     The English practice of crossing checks so that payment may be made to the bank account or to order is prevalent.

Conjugation

同意語

• (to cross-fertilize または crossbreed): cross-fertilize, crossbreed

下位語

• crisscross

派生語

接尾辞

-cross

1. (sports) Forms the names of sports that involve racing across an artificial cross-country course of bumps, jumps, drop-offs, troughs, curves, and such.

   Synonym: -X (abbreviation)

派生語

• bicycle motocross (“BMX”)

接頭辞

cross-

1. Expressing mutuality or exchange; switch.
2. across.
   • 1967, William F. Nolan and George Clayton Johnson, Logan's Run, May 1976 Bantam edition, →ISBN, page 14:

     The room was a cross-mixture of voices.

     "Come in Kelly 4. […] "

     "Come in Stanhope. […] "

     "Evans 9. Confirm. […] "

3. Indicating applicability to several domains that are usually separate (as in crossclass, crosslinguistic, cross-platform).

同意語

• (mutual): inter-, x- (abbreviation)

派生語

参照

• “cross-”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.