foldとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English folden, from 古期英語 fealdan, from Proto-Germanic *falþaną (“to fold”), from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to fold”).

動詞

fold (third-person singular simple present folds, present participle folding, simple past folded, past participle folded or (廃れた用法) folden)

1. (transitive) To bend (any thin material, such as paper) over so that it comes in contact with itself.
2. (transitive) To make the proper arrangement (in a thin material) by bending.

   If you fold the sheets, they'll fit more easily in the drawer.

3. (intransitive) To become folded; to form folds.

   Cardboard doesn't fold very easily.

4. (intransitive, informal) To fall over; to be crushed.

   The chair folded under his enormous weight.

5. (transitive) To enclose within folded arms (see also enfold).
   • 1897, Bram Stoker, chapter 21, in Dracula, New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:

     He put out his arms and folded her to his breast. And for a while she lay there sobbing. He looked at us over her bowed head, with eyes that blinked damply above his quivering nostrils. His mouth was set as steel.

6. (intransitive) To give way on a point or in an argument.
7. (intransitive, poker) To withdraw from betting.

   With no hearts in the river and no chance to hit his straight, he folded.

8. (intransitive, by extension) To withdraw or quit in general.
9. (transitive, cooking) To stir gently, with a folding action.

   Fold the egg whites into the batter.

   • 8 Jan 2020, Felicity Cloake in The Guardian, How to make the perfect gluten-free chocolate brownies – recipe

     if you want to make life really easy for yourself, may I point you in the direction of Sunflour’s recipe, which folds four eggs and 150g ground almonds into 500g chocolate spread.

10. (intransitive, business) Of a company, to cease to trade.

    The company folded after six quarters of negative growth.

11. To double or lay together, as the arms or the hands.

    He folded his arms in defiance.

12. To cover or wrap up; to conceal.
    • 1594, William Shakespeare, Lucrece (First Quarto), London: […] Richard Field, for Iohn Harrison, […], →OCLC:

      I will not poyſon thee with my attaint, / Nor fold my fault in cleanly coin’d excuſes, / My ſable ground of ſinne I will not paint, / To hide the truth of this falſe nights abuſes.

同意語

• (bend (thin material) over): bend, crease
• (fall over): fall over
• (give way on a point または in an argument): concede, give in, give way, yield

反意語

• unfold

派生語

派生した語

• ⇒ Czech: foldovat

名詞

fold (複数形 folds)

1. An act of folding.

   Synonyms: bending, creasing

   give the bedsheets a fold before putting them in the cupboard.

   After two reraises in quick succession, John realised his best option was probably a fold.

2. A bend or crease.

   Synonyms: bend, crease

   • 1631, Francis [Bacon], “(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], 3rd edition, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

     mummies were shrouded in a number of folds of linen

   • 1863, James Dwight Dana, Manual of Geology:

     The folds are most abrupt to the eastward ; to the west , they diminish in boldness , and become gentle undulations

3. Any correct move in origami.
4. (newspapers) The division between the top and bottom halves of a broadsheet: headlines above the fold will be readable in a newsstand display; usually the fold.
   • 2007, Jennifer Niederst Robbins, Learning Web Design: A Beginner's Guide to (X)HTML, StyleSheets, and Web Graphics, "O'Reilly Media, Inc.", →ISBN, page 43:

     Newspaper editors know the importance of putting the most important information “above the fold,” that is, visible when the paper is folded and on the rack.

5. (by extension, web design) The division between the part of a web page visible in a web browser window without scrolling; usually the fold.
   • 1999, Jared M. Spool, Web Site Usability: A Designer's Guide, Morgan Kaufmann, →ISBN, page 77:

     For example, a story that is "page I, above the fold" is considered very important news. In web page design, the fold signifies the place at which the user has to scroll down to get more information.

6. That which is folded together, or which enfolds or envelops; embrace.
   • c. 1602, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii]:

     Shall from your neck unloose his amorous fold.

7. (geology) The bending or curving of one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, as a result of plastic (i.e. permanent) deformation.
8. (functional programming) Any of a family of higher-order functions that process a data structure recursively to build up a value.
   • 2010, Richard Bird, Pearls of Functional Algorithm Design, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 168:

     It was Erik Meijer who coined the name hylomorphism to describe a computation that consists of a fold after an unfold. The unfold produces a data structure and the fold consumes it.

9. (programming) A section of source code that can be collapsed out of view in an editor to aid readability.

派生語

語源 2

From Middle English fold, fald, from 古期英語 fald, falæd, falod (“fold, stall, stable, cattle-pen”), from Proto-Germanic *faludaz (“enclosure”). Akin to Scots fald, fauld (“an enclosure for livestock”), Dutch vaalt (“dung heap”), Middle Low German valt, vālt (“an inclosed space, a yard”), Danish fold (“pen for herbivorous livestock”), Swedish fålla (“corral, pen, pound”).

名詞

fold (複数形 folds)

2. A pen or enclosure for sheep or other domestic animals.

   Synonyms: enclosure, pen, penfold, pinfold

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book IV”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     Leaps o're the fence with ease into the fold.

   • 1913, Robert Barr, chapter 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad‎^[1]:

     “I came down like a wolf on the fold, didn’t I ?  Why didn’t I telephone ?  Strategy, my dear boy, strategy. This is a surprise attack, and I’d no wish that the garrison, forewarned, should escape. …”

3. (collective) A group of sheep or goats.

   Synonym: flock

4. (figurative) Home, family.

   Synonyms: home, family

5. (Christianity) A church congregation, a group of people who adhere to a common faith and habitually attend a given church; the Christian church as a whole, the flock of Christ.

   Synonyms: congregation, flock

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, John 10:16:

     And other sheepe I haue, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall heare my voyce; and there shall be one fold, and one shepheard.

6. (figurative) A group of people with shared ideas or goals or who live or work together.

   Synonyms: cohort, community

   • 2013 September 1, Phil McNulty, BBC Sport:

     Having suffered the loss of Rooney just as he had returned to the fold, Moyes' mood will not have improved as Liverpool took the lead in the third minute.

   • 2021, Angela Kuttner Botelho, German Jews and the Persistence of Jewish Identity in Conversion: Writing the Jewish Self, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, →ISBN, page 37:

     Most recently, in his ambitious 2015 book, Leaving the Jewish Fold, Endelman significantly enlarges his purview in both time and space to broadly survey the phenomenon of Jewish conversion from early medieval to postmodern times […]

   • 2023 July 6, Annalena Baerbock, “Russia’s war on Ukraine has forced us in Germany to think differently about our role in the world”, in The Guardian‎^[2], →ISSN:

     In a first phase of foreign policy, after 1945, my country sought to regain former enemies’ trust. We are forever grateful that they extended their hand to us, readmitting us into the global fold.

動詞

fold (三人称単数 現在形 folds, 現在分詞 folding, 過去形および過去分詞形 folded)

1. To confine animals in a fold.
   • 1634 October 9 (first performance), [John Milton], edited by H[enry] Lawes, A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle, 1634: […], London: […] [Augustine Matthews] for Hvmphrey Robinson, […], published 1637, →OCLC; reprinted as Comus: […] (Dodd, Mead & Company’s Facsimile Reprints of Rare Books; Literature Series; no. I), New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1903, →OCLC:

     The star that bids the shepherd fold,
     Now the top of heaven doth hold.

語源 3

From Middle English folde, from 古期英語 folde (“earth, land, country, district, region, territory, ground, soil, clay”), from Proto-Germanic *fuldǭ, *fuldō (“earth, ground; field; the world”). Cognate with Old Norse fold (“earth, land, field”), Norwegian and Icelandic fold (“land, earth, meadow”).

名詞

fold (uncountable)

2. (dialectal, poetic or obsolete) The Earth; earth; land, country.

アナグラム

• FLOD

発音

接尾辞

-fold

1. Used to make adjectives meaning times.

   There has been a threefold increase in inflation ( = inflation is three times what it was before)

   • 1991, Vittoria Cioce; Vince Castronovo; Barry M. Shmookler; et. al, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, "Increased Expression of the Laminin Receptor in Human Colon Cancer" [1]

     The cancer tissue in two of the ... specimens ... exhibited a dramatic 23-fold increase in the laminin-receptor-mRNA levels.

   • 2011, Joel. E. Houghlum, Principles of Pharmacology for Athletic Trainers:

     "[Use] of a decimal without a zero to the left of the decimal (ie .5 instead of 0.5) has resulted in 10-fold error[.]

   • 2013, Jerome Strong, Spiritual Musings II: Sermons, Musings & Exegesis:

     Ezekiel outlines the harlotry of Judah followed by a thirty-two-fold judgment.

2. Used to make adverbs meaning times.

   Inflation has increased threefold ( = inflation is three times what it was before)

   • c. 1906, Silk Association of America, XXXV Annual Meeting of the Silk Association of America:

     A publication ... entitled "The Sixth Financial and Economical Annual of Japan" ... issued in 1906 ... says: ¶ "...[O]ur export trade had in ... thirty-two years increased thirty-four-fold with Asia, twenty-three-fold with America, and five-fold with Europe[.]

   • 2011, James R. Gibson, Farming the Frontier:

     His potatoes yielded forty-onefold in 1816 and his barley thirty-twofold in 1818.

   • 2014, Thomas R. Oliver, Guide to U.S. Health and Health Care Policy:

     In contrast, the number of Asian foreign born would increase twenty-two-fold to more than 11 million, and the number of Latin American foreign born would increase twenty-three-fold to 22 million.

使用する際の注意点

• Some writers and speakers use constructions like "an increase by twofold" to mean "a twofold increase". This can lead to confusion, as the logical rendering of "an increase by twofold" would imply "a 200% increase of the original amount" and the latter "an increase to 200% of the original amount". Caution should be taken to avoid such confusion. Typically, -fold takes no preposition.
• In scientific contexts, "-fold" is sometimes appended to numerals (with the same sense), as in a 2010 paper by M.C. Stone et al., which mentions "10-fold up-regulation of the number of growing microtubules" in its abstract.

派生語

Note: -fold can be combined with the word for any positive integer. The words listed below are some of the most common combinations. These words are not hyphenated.

アナグラム

• FLOD