motherとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /ˈmʌðə(ɹ)/, [ˈmɐðə(ɹ)]
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈmʌðɚ/
• 韻: -ʌðə(ɹ)
• ハイフネーション: moth‧er

語源 1

From Middle English moder, from 古期英語 mōdor, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Superseded non-native Middle English mere (“mother”) borrowed from Old French mere (“mother”). Doublet of mater.

Some have proposed that the "dregs" sense is from Middle Dutch modder (“filth”), from Proto-Germanic *muþraz (“sediment”), but modder is not known in this meaning. On the other hand, words for "mother" have developed the secondary sense of "dregs" in several Romance and Germanic languages; compare Dutch moer, French mère de vinaigre, German Essigmutter, Italian madre, Medieval Latin māter, and Spanish madre.^[1]

別の表記

• mither (Scotland かつ Northern England)

名詞

mother (複数形 mothers)

1. A female parent, sometimes especially a human; a female who parents a child (which she has given birth to, adopted, または fostered).

   I am visiting my mother today.

   The lioness was a mother of four cubs.

2. A female who has given birth to a baby; this person in relation to her child or children.

   My sister-in-law has just become a mother for the first time.

   He had something of his mother in him.

   • 1988, Robert Ferro, Second Son:

     He had something of his mother in him, but this was because he realized that in the end only her love was unconditional, and in gratitude he had emulated her.

   • 2005, Trudelle Thomas, Spirituality in the Mother Zone: Staying Centered, Finding God, Paulist Press, →ISBN, page 41:

     The "Ritual to Celebrate Birthing" begins with a leader welcoming all participants : "Welcome to this celebration for N. She is approaching the time when she will become a mother for the first time (または become a mother again).

3. A pregnant female, possibly as a shortened form of mother-to-be; a female who gestates a baby.

   Nutrients and oxygen obtained by the mother are conveyed to the fetus.

   • 1991, Susan Faludi, The Undeclared War Against American Women:

     The antiabortion iconography in the last decade featured the fetus but never the mother.

   • (Can we date this quote?) Multiplicity Yours: Cloning, Stem Cell Research, and Regenerative Medicine, →ISBN:

     To clone a boy, it is necessary to have a man as a DNA donor, a woman as an egg donor, and may be another woman as a surrogate mother.

   • 2023 January 16, Reinhard Renneberg, Biotechnology for Beginners, Academic Press, →ISBN, page 317:

     If the cat to be cloned is female, the nucleus donor cat could also be used as the surrogate mother instead of another cat.

4. A female who donates a fertilized egg or donates a body cell which has resulted in a clone.
5. (figuratively) A female ancestor.
   • 1530, [William Tyndale, transl., The Pentateuch] (Tyndale Bible), Genesis iij:[20], folio v, recto:

     And Adã called his wyfe Heua / becauſe ſhe was the mother of all that lyveth

6. (figuratively) A source or origin.

   The Mediterranean was mother to many cultures and languages.

   • c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii], page 147, column 1:

     Alas poore Countrey, / Almoſt affraid to know it ſelfe. It cannot / Be call’d our Mother, but our Graue;

   • 1844, Thomas Arnold, Fragment on the Church, Volume 1, page 17:

     But one in the place of God and not God, is as it were a falsehood; it is the mother falsehood from which all idolatry is derived.

   • 2013 October 31, Rowena Mason, quoting David Steel, “Lord Steel criticises culture of spin and tweeting in modern politics”, in The Guardian‎^[1], →ISSN:

     How on earth are we supposed to hold our heads high as the ‘mother of parliaments’ when we allow to continue the practice of almost openly buying a seat in parliament?

7. Something that is the greatest or most significant of its kind. (See mother of all.)
   • 1991, January 17, Saddam Hussein, Broadcast on Baghdad state radio.

     The great duel, the mother of all battles has begun.

8. (dated, when followed by a surname) A title of respect for one's mother-in-law.

   Mother Smith, meet my cousin, Doug Jones.

9. (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) (dated) A term of address for one's wife.
   • 1887 April 2, E. V. Wilson, “Uncle Dave”, in The Current, volume 7, number 172, page 432:

     A few minutes later we were all seated comfortably, Uncle Dave and mother, as he called his wife, myself and my husband, in the split-bottomed wooden chairs, on the vine-covered porch. / “Is Bethel a Methodist Church?” I asked. / Uncle Dave looked quizzically at his wife. “Do you hear that, mother?” he said.

   • 1922, Stephen Leacock, Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town‎^[2], page 152:

     On some days as he got near the house he would call out to his wife: / “Almighty Moses, Martha! who left the sprinkler on the grass?” / On other days he would call to her from quite a little distance off: “Hullo, mother! Got any supper for a hungry man?”

   • 1944, Walter Hackett, For the Duration: A Play for Junior and Senior High Schools, page 8:

     (Mr. Hill enters. He crosses to Wife.) / Mr. Hill: Hello, mother. […] How are you? / Mrs. Hill: Nothing wrong, dear, I hope.

10. (figuratively) Any elderly woman, especially within a particular community.
11. (figuratively) Any person or entity which performs mothering.
    • Judges 5:7, KJV.

      The inhabitants of the villages ceased, they ceased in Israel, until that I Deborah arose, that I arose a mother in Israel.

    • Galatians 4:26, KJV.

      Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all.

12. Dregs, lees; a stringy, mucilaginous or film- or membrane-like substance (consisting of acetobacters) which develops in fermenting alcoholic liquids (such as wine, または cider), and turns the alcohol into acetic acid with the help of oxygen from the air.

    pieces of mother, adding mother to vinegar

13. (rail transport) A locomotive which provides electrical power for a slug.
14. The principal piece of an astrolabe, into which the others are fixed.
15. The female superior or head of a religious house; an abbess, etc.
16. (obsolete) Hysterical passion; hysteria; the uterus.
    • c. 1603–1606 (date written), [William Shakespeare], […] His True Chronicle Historie of the Life and Death of King Lear and His Three Daughters. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Nathaniel Butter, […], published 1608, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:

      O how this mother ſwels vp toward my hart […]

    • 1665, Robert Lovel, Pambotanologia sive Enchiridion botanicum, page 484:

      T.V. dicusseth tumors and mollifieth them, helps inflammations, rising of the mother and the epilepsie being burnt.

    • 1666, Nicholas Culpeper, The English Physitian Enlarged, page 49:

      The Root hereof taken with Zedoary and Angelică, or without them, helps the rising of the Mother.

    • 1979, Thomas R. Forbes, The changing face of death in London, in Charles Webster (editor), Health, Medicine and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century (1979), page 128:

      St Botolph's parish records ascribed three deaths to 'mother', an old name for the uterus.

17. A disc produced from the electrotyped master, used in manufacturing phonograph records.

同意語

• (one’s female parent): See also Thesaurus:mother
• (most significant thing): father, grandfather, granddaddy
• (of または pertaining to the mother, such as metropolis): metro-

反意語

• (with regards to gender) father
• (with regards to ancestry) daughter, son, child, offspring

上位語

• (a female parent): parent

等位語

• (a female parent): father

派生語

関連する語

派生した語

• → Japanese: マザー (mazā)
• → Korean: 마더 (madeo)
• Kriol: motha

語源 2

From Middle English modren, from the noun (see above).

動詞

mother (三人称単数 現在形 mothers, 現在分詞 mothering, 過去形および過去分詞形 mothered)

1. (chiefly transitive) To give birth to or produce (as its female parent) a child. (Compare father.)
   • 1998, Nina Revoyr, The Necessary Hunger: A Novel, Macmillan, →ISBN, page 101:

     Q's sister, Debbie, had mothered two kids by the time she was twenty, with neither of the fathers in sight.

   • 2010, Lynette Joseph-Bani, The Biblical Journey of Slavery: From Egypt to the Americas, AuthorHouse, →ISBN, page 51:

     Zilpah, Leah's maid, mothered two sons for Jacob, Gad and Asher. Leah became pregnant once more and had two more sons, Issachar, and Zebulun, and a daughter, Dinah, thus Leah had seven children for Jacob.

2. (transitive) To treat as a mother would be expected to treat her child; to nurture.
   • c. 1900, O. Henry, An Adjustment of Nature

     She had seen fewer years than any of us, but she was of such superb Evehood and simplicity that she mothered us from the beginning.

3. (transitive) To cause to contain mother (“that substance which develops in fermenting alcohol かつ turns it into vinegar”).

   mothered oil, mothered vinegar, mothered wine

4. (intransitive, of an alcohol) To develop mother.
   • 1968, Evelyn Berckman, The Heir of Starvelings, page 172:

     Iron rusted, paper cracked, cream soured and vinegar mothered.

   • 2013, Richard Dauenhauer, Benchmarks: New and Selected Poems 1963-2013, page 94:

     Your lamp
     was always polished, wick
     trimmed, waiting; yet the bridegroom
     somehow never came. Summer dust
     settled in the vineyard. Grapes
     were harvested; your parents
     crushed and pressed them, but the wine
     mothered.

参照

• American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Fourth Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company 2003.

語源 3

Clipping of motherfucker

別の表記

• mutha

名詞

mother (複数形 mothers)

1. (euphemistic, mildly vulgar, slang) Motherfucker.
   • 1989 December 19, Slim Randles, “Entrepreneur Hopes Luminaria Delivery Service Catches On”, in The Albuquerque Journal, Albuquerque, New Mexico, page 2:

     Stick a votive candle in it and fire that mother up, right?

   • 2011, Beyoncé Knowles (lyrics かつ music), “Run the World (Girls)”, in 4‎^[3]:

     Who run this mother

2. (euphemistic, colloquial) A striking example.
   • 1964, Richard L. Newhafer, The last tallyho:

     November, 1943 If ever, Cortney Anders promised himself, I get out of this mother of a thunderstorm there is a thing I will do if it is the last act of my life.

   • 1980, Chester Anderson, Fox & hare: the story of a Friday night, page 5:

     Some hot night there's gonna be one mother of a riot down here. Just wait." He'd been saying the same thing since 1958, five years of crying wolf.

   • 2004 Nov, Rajnar Vajra, “The Ghost Within”, in Analog Science Fiction & Fact, volume 124, page 8:

     Basically, we wind up with a program. One mother of a complex application.

   • 2006, Elizabeth Robinson, The true and outstanding adventures of the Hunt sisters:

     Josh, whose fleshy face resembles a rhino's - beady wide-set eyes blinking between a mother of a snout

同意語

• MF, mofo, motherfucker, mutha

語源 4

Coined from moth by analogy to mouser.

発音

• IPA^(key): /ˈmɒθə(ɹ)/

名詞

mother (複数形 mothers)

1. Alternative form of moth-er

参照

Further reading

• Douglas Harper (2001–2023), “mother”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

アナグラム

• thermo-