naturalとは意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Middle English natural, borrowed from Old French natural, naturel, from Latin nātūrālis, from nātus, the perfect participle of nāscor (“be born”, verb).

発音

• enPR: năchʹ(ə)rəl, IPA^(key): /ˈnæt͡ʃ(ə)ɹəl/
• 韻: -ætʃəɹəl, -ætʃɹəl
• ハイフネーション: nat‧u‧ral, natu‧ral

形容詞

natural (comparative more natural, superlative most natural)

1. Existing in nature.
   1. Existing in the nature of a person or thing; innate, not acquired or learned. [from 14th c.]
      • 1726 October 28, [Jonathan Swift], Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. […] [Gulliver’s Travels], London: […] Benj[amin] Motte, […], OCLC 995220039, (please specify |part=I, II, III または IV):

        The natural Love of Life gave me some inward Motions of Joy.

      • 1858, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter VII, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume II, Longman et al., page 419:

        With strong natural sense, and rare force of will, he found himself, when first his mind began to open, a fatherless and motherless child, the chief of a great but depressed and disheartened party, and the heir to vast and indefinite pretensions, which excited the dread and aversion of the oligarchy then supreme in the United Provinces.

      • 2019, The Guardian, 10 July:

        A South African Uber driver is causing excitement with his impressive operatic singing but, however much natural talent you have, it is a long road to La Scala.

   2. Normally associated with a particular person or thing; inherently related to the nature of a thing or creature. [from 14th c.]

      The species will be under threat if its natural habitat is destroyed.

   3. As expected; reasonable, normal; naturally arising from the given circumstances. [from 14th c.]

      It's natural for business to be slow on Tuesdays.

      His prison sentence was the natural consequence of a life of crime.

      • 1711 May 25, Joseph Addison; Richard Steele, The Spectator, volume I, number 74, page 333:

        What can be more natural or more moving than the circumſtances in which he deſcribes the behaviour of thoſe women who had loſt their huſbands on this fatal day ?

   4. Formed by nature; not manufactured or created by artificial processes. [from 15th c.]
      • 2013 June 21, Karen McVeigh, “US rules human genes can't be patented”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 10:

        The US supreme court has ruled unanimously that natural human genes cannot be patented, a decision that scientists and civil rights campaigners said removed a major barrier to patient care and medical innovation.

   5. Pertaining to death brought about by disease or old age, rather than by violence, accident etc. [from 16th c.]

      She died of natural causes.

      • 2015, The Guardian, 5 Jun:

        Cancer patient David Paterson, 81, was close to a natural death when he was suffocated by Heather Davidson, 54, in the bedroom of his care home in North Yorkshire on 11 February.

   6. Having an innate ability to fill a given role or profession, or display a specified character. [from 16th c.]
      • 1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 5, in The China Governess‎^[1]:

        Mr. Campion appeared suitably impressed and she warmed to him. He was very easy to talk to with those long clown lines in his pale face, a natural goon, born rather too early she suspected.

   7. (mathematics) Designating a standard trigonometric function of an angle, as opposed to the logarithmic function. [from 17th c.]
   8. (music) Neither sharp nor flat. Denoted ♮. [from 18th c.]

      There's a wrong note here: it should be C natural instead of C sharp.

   9. Containing no artificial or man-made additives; especially (of food) containing no colourings, flavourings or preservatives. [from 19th c.]

      Natural food is healthier than processed food.

   10. Pertaining to a decoration that preserves or enhances the appearance of the original material; not stained or artificially coloured. [from 19th c.]
   11. Pertaining to a fabric still in its undyed state, or to the colour of undyed fabric. [from 19th c.]
   12. (dice games) Pertaining to a dice roll before bonuses or penalties have been applied to the result.
   13. (bodybuilding) Not having used anabolic steroids or other performance-enhancing drugs.

       Antonym: enhanced

   14. (bridge) Bidding in an intuitive way that reflects one's actual hand.

       Antonym: artificial

   15. (algebra) Closed under submodules, direct sums, and injective hulls.
2. Pertaining to birth or descent; native.
   1. Having a given status (especially of authority) by virtue of birth. [14th–19th c.]
      • c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act I, scene i]:

        Whom should he follow but his naturall king.

      • 1818, [Mary Shelley], Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: […] [Macdonald and Son] for Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones, OCLC 830979744:

        I am thy creature, and I will be even mild and docile to my natural lord and king, if thou wilt also perform thy part, the which thou owest me.

   2. Related genetically but not legally to one's father; born out of wedlock, illegitimate. [from 15th c.]
      • 1790, Jane Austen, ‘Love and Freindship’, Juvenilia:

        [M]y Mother was the natural Daughter of a Scotch Peer by an italian Opera-girl […] .

      • 1990, Roy Porter, English Society in the 18th Century, Penguin 1991, p. 264:

        Dr Erasmus Darwin set up his two illegitimate daughters as the governesses of a school, noting that natural children often had happier (because less pretentious) upbringings than legitimate.

   3. Related by birth; genetically related. [from 16th c.]
      • 1843, John Henry Newman, “The Kingdom of the Saints”, in Parochial Sermons, volume II, 4th edition, J. G. F. & J. Rivington, pages 264–5:

        The first-born in every house, “from the first-born of the Pharaoh on the throne, to the first-born of the captive in the dungeon,” unaccountably found himself enlisted in the ranks of this new power, and estranged from his natural friends.

同意語

• (exists in an ecosystem): see Thesaurus:innate or Thesaurus:native
• (as expected): inevitable, necessary, reasonable; See also Thesaurus:inevitable
• (without adjustment): see Thesaurus:raw
• (connected by consanguinity): see Thesaurus:consanguine
• (born out of wedlock): see Thesaurus:illegitimate
• (without a condom): see Thesaurus:condomless

反意語

• (exists in an ecosystem): aberrant, abnormal, artificial
• (as expected): see Thesaurus:strange
• (without additives): processed
• (bridge): conventional

派生語

関連する語

名詞

natural (複数形 naturals)

1. (now rare) A native inhabitant of a place, country etc. [from 16th c.]
   • 1615, Ralph Hamor, A True Discourse of the Present State of Virginia, Richmond 1957, page 3:

     I coniecture and assure my selfe that yee cannot be ignorant by what meanes this peace hath bin thus happily both for our proceedings and the welfare of the Naturals concluded […]

2. (music) A note that is not or is no longer to be modified by an accidental. [from 17th c.]
3. (music) The symbol ♮ used to indicate such a natural note.
4. One with an innate talent at or for something. [from 18th c.]

   He's a natural on the saxophone.

5. An almost white colour, with tints of grey, yellow or brown; originally that of natural fabric. [from 20th c.]

   natural:  

6. (archaic) One with a simple mind; a fool or idiot.

   Synonym: half-natural

   • c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act II, scene iv], page 62, column 1:

     Why is not this better now, then groning for Loue, now art thou ſociable, now art thou Romeo : now art thou what thou art, by Art as well as by Nature, for this driueling Loue is like a great Naturall, that runs lolling vp and downe to hid his bable in a hole.

   • 1633, A Banqvet of Jests: or, Change of Cheare. Being a collection, of Moderne Ieſts. Witty Ieeres. Pleaſant Taunts. Merry Tales. The Second Part newly publiſhed, page 30:

     A Noble-man tooke a great liking to a naturall, and had covenanted with his parents to take him from them and to keepe him for his pleaſure, and demanding of the Ideot if he would ſerve him, he made him this anſwere, My Father ſaith he, got me to be his foole of my mother, now if you long to have a foole; go & without doubt you may get one of your owne wife.

7. (colloquial, chiefly UK) One's life.
   • 1929, Frederic Manning, The Middle Parts of Fortune, Vintage 2014, page 155:

     ‘Sergeant-Major Robinson came in in the middle of it, and you've never seen a man look more surprised in your natural.’

8. (US, colloquial) A hairstyle for people with Afro-textured hair in which the hair is not straightened or otherwise treated.
   • 2002, Maxine Leeds Craig, Ain't I a Beauty Queen?: Black Women, Beauty, and the Politics of Race, Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

     Chinosole, who stopped straightening her hair and cut it into a natural while at a predominantly white college, was quite uneasy with the style

   • 2012, Jack Canfield; Mark Victor Hansen, Chicken Soup for the African American Soul: Celebrating and Sharing Our Culture One Story at a Time, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

     I wanted to do it for so long — throw out my chemically relaxed hair for a natural.

   • 2015, Carmen M. Cusack, HAIR AND JUSTICE: Sociolegal Significance of Hair in Criminal Justice, Constitutional Law, and Public Policy, Charles C Thomas Publisher, →ISBN, page 155:

     Third, it insinuates that black afro hairstyles (e.g., naturals) relate to African cultural heritage, which is largely untrue.

9. (slang, chiefly in 複数形) A breast which has not been modified.
   • 1999 March 2, Mathew Alphonse Coppola, “Please rate these women...”, in rec.arts.movies.erotica, Usenet‎^[2], retrieved 2021-10-18:

     > Nina Hartley ¶ 2, unattractive, square "steriod^[sic] jaw", nice ass, FAKE breasts or small naturals, great sexual presence […] > Marilyn Monroe ¶ 7, decent body, medium NATURALS, stereotypical "godess^[sic]/playboy" blond/blue doesn't usually work for me, good sexual presence

   • 2002 August 19, Jon Eric, “Great Tit Debate.......”, in rec.arts.movies.erotica, Usenet‎^[3], retrieved 2021-10-18:

     She's [Eva/Mercedes] a brunette European with a curvy natural body with nice tits. For that matter, there are lots of women in Rocco [Siffredi]'s vids with nice naturals.

   • 2010 March 2, Miles Williams Mathis, “The Sexiest Women of the Screen: A Thinking Man's List”, in [personal website]‎^[4], archived from the original on 2010-09-23, retrieved 2021-10-18:

     It isn't the big naturals on a little torso that do it for me, since that is not my thing.

   • 2016 October 26, Stephen Falk; Wendey Stanzler, director, “The Seventh Layer”, in You're the Worst, season 3, episode 9, FXX, spoken by Vernon Barbara (Todd Robert Anderson):

     I’m really a good person with a good heart and I believe there is someone out there who will love me. Hopefully a Mexican hottie with big naturals.

10. (bodybuilding) Someone who has not used anabolic steroids or other performance-enhancing drugs.

    Synonym: natty

    • 2010, Gregg Valentino, ‎Nathan Jendrick, Death, Drugs, and Muscle

      For so long I stayed natural because it was a sense of pride to me that as a natural I was still competing and beating guys who were juicing up.

11. (craps) A roll of two dice with a score of 7 or 11 on the comeout roll.

副詞

natural (comparative more natural, superlative most natural)

1. (colloquial, dialect) Naturally; in a natural manner.
   • 2002, Daniel Shields, I Know Where the Horses Play, iUniverse, page 64:

     Dr. Watson, on the other hand, spoke natural.

   • 2005, Leo Bruce, Jack on the Gallows Tree: A Carolus Deene Mystery, Chicago: Chicago Review Press, page 124:

     "If the doctor hadn't been sure she was strangled you'd have sworn she died natural."

参考

• Appendix:Colors

参照

• natural in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
• natural in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911