forestとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Middle English forest, from Old French forest, from Medieval Latin forestis (“open wood”), first used in the Capitularies of Charlemagne in reference to the royal forest (as opposed to the inner woods, または parcus), of uncertain origin. Compare Old Saxon forest, forst (“forest”), Old High German forst (“forest”), Modern German Forst (“forest”).

Medieval Latin foresta probably represents the fusion of two earlier words: one taken as an adaptation of the Late Latin phrase forestis silva (“the outside woods”), mistaking forestis for woods (—a development not found in Romance languages; compare Old French selve (“forest”)); the other is the continuance of an existing word since Merovingian times from Frankish *forhist, *furhiþi (“forest, wooded country, game preserve”) as the general word for "forest, forested land". The Medieval Latin term may have originated as a sound-alike, or been adapted as a play on the Frankish word. In the latter case, this would make forest a doublet of frith.

In this sense, mostly displaced native 古期英語 wudu, whence Modern English wood.

発音

• (Received 発音) enPR: fŏr′ĭst, IPA^(key): /ˈfɒɹ.ɪst/
  • 韻: -ɒɹɪst
• (米国発音) enPR: fôr′ĭst, fŏr′ĭst, fôrst; IPA^(key): /ˈfɔɹ.ɪst/, /ˈfɑɹ.ɪst/, /fɔɹst/
  • (California) IPA^(key): [ˈfɔɹ.ɛ̈stʰ] ^help
  • 韻: -ɔɹɪst, -ɑɹɪst, -ɔɹst
  • Homophone: forced (some American accents)

名詞

forest (複数形 forests)

1. A dense uncultivated tract of trees and undergrowth, larger than woods.
   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto VI”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 3, page 76:

     Who after Archimagoes fowle defeat / Led her away into a foreſt wilde, / And turning wrathfull fyre to luſtfull heat, / With beaſtly ſin though her to haue defilde, / And made the vaſſal of his pleaſures vilde.

   • 2013 June 29, “Unspontaneous combustion”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 29:

     Since the mid-1980s, when Indonesia first began to clear its bountiful forests on an industrial scale in favour of lucrative palm-oil plantations, “haze” has become an almost annual occurrence in South-East Asia. The cheapest way to clear logged woodland is to burn it, producing an acrid cloud of foul white smoke that, carried by the wind, can cover hundreds, or even thousands, of square miles.

2. Any dense collection or amount.

   a forest of criticism

   • 1998, Katharine Payne, Silent Thunder: In the Presence of Elephants, page 59:

     Squealing and still propelled by the kick, the calf scrabbled through the forest of legs and into the open.

3. (historical) A defined area of land set aside in England as royal hunting ground or for other privileged use; all such areas.
   • 2006, Edwin Black, chapter 2, in Internal Combustion‎^[1]:

     Throughout the 1500s, the populace roiled over a constellation of grievances of which the forest emerged as a key focal point. The popular late Middle Ages fictional character Robin Hood, dressed in green to symbolize the forest, dodged fines for forest offenses and stole from the rich to give to the poor. But his appeal was painfully real and embodied the struggle over wood.

   • 2013, Alexander Tulloch, The Little Book of Lancashire, The History Press, →ISBN:

     [...] in places such as the Forest of Bowland there is hardly a tree in sight and much of the area is a vast tract of almost barren gritstone hills and peat moorland.

4. (graph theory) A graph with no cycles; i.e., a graph made up of trees.
   • 2000, Victor N. Kasyanov; Vladimir A. Evstigneev, Graph Theory for Programmers: Algorithms for Processing Trees, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 16:

     Let H be a traversal of an undirected graph G = (X, U). For given H, the set U can be split into set of tree edges from the forest G_H and the set of inverse edges that do not belong to this forest.

5. (computing, Microsoft Windows) A group of domains that are managed as a unit.
   • 2008, Laura E. Hunter; Robbie Allen, Active Directory Cookbook, O'Reilly Media, Inc., →ISBN, page 17:

     Forests are considered the security boundary in Active Directory; by this we mean that if you need to definitively restrict access to a resource within a particular domain so that administrators from other domains do not have any access to it whatsoever, you need to implement a separate forest instead of using an additional domain within the current forest.

6. The colour forest green.

下位語

• See also Thesaurus:forest

Meronyms

• tree
• See also Thesaurus:forest

派生語

参考

• forest on Wikimedia Commons.

動詞

forest (三人称単数 現在形 forests, 現在分詞 foresting, 過去形および過去分詞形 forested)

1. (transitive) To cover an area with trees.
   • 1937, Széchenyi Scientific Society, Report on the Work of the Széchenyi Scientific Society: Founded for the Promotion of Research in Natural Sciences in Hungary, Zeéchenyi Scientific Society, page 83:

     From the view-point of national economy professor Fehér communicates to us most interesting facts, which he has established in an important question now of actuality : in the subject of foresting the Great Hungarian Plains.

関連する語

• afforest

参考

アナグラム

• Forets, Fortes, Foster, fetors, forset, fortes, fortés, foster, froste, softer