foulとは

意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English foul, from 古期英語 fūl (“foul, unclean, impure, vile, corrupt, rotten, guilty”), from Proto-West Germanic *fūl, from Proto-Germanic *fūlaz (“foul, rotten”), from Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“to rot”).

Cognate with Dutch vuil (“foul”), German faul (“rotten, putrid”), Danish and Swedish ful (“foul”), and through Indo-European, with Albanian fëlliq (“to make dirty”), Latin puter (“rotten”). More at putrid.

Ancient Greek φαῦλος (phaûlos, “bad”) is a false cognate inasmuch as it is not from the same etymon, instead being cognate to few.

形容詞

foul (comparative fouler, superlative foulest)

1. Covered with, or containing unclean matter; dirty.
   • 2013 June 29, “Unspontaneous combustion”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 29:

     Since the mid-1980s, when Indonesia first began to clear its bountiful forests on an industrial scale in favour of lucrative palm-oil plantations, “haze” has become an almost annual occurrence in South-East Asia. The cheapest way to clear logged woodland is to burn it, producing an acrid cloud of foul white smoke that, carried by the wind, can cover hundreds, or even thousands, of square miles.

   This cloth is too foul to use as a duster.

   His foul hands got dirt all over the kitchen.

   The air was so foul nobody could breathe.

   A ship's bottom is foul when overgrown with barnacles

   A well is foul with polluted water.

2. (of words または a way of speaking) Obscene, vulgar or abusive.

   The rascal spewed forth a series of foul words.

   His foul language causes many people to believe he is uneducated.

3. Detestable, unpleasant, loathsome.

   He has a foul set of friends.

   • 1610–1611, William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act II, scene ii]:

     […] Hast thou forgot / The foul witch Sycorax, who with age and envy / Was grown into a hoop? Hast thou forgot her?

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book 1”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], OCLC 228722708; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, OCLC 230729554:

     Who first seduced them to that foul revolt?

4. Disgusting, repulsive; causing disgust.

   This foul food is making me retch.

   There was a foul smell coming from the toilet.

5. (obsolete) Ugly; homely; poor.
   • c. 1602, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act I, scene iii]:

     Let us, like merchants, show our foulest wares.

6. (of the weather) Unpleasant, stormy or rainy.

   Some foul weather is brewing.

   • c. 1596, William Shakespeare, “The Life and Death of King Iohn”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act IV, scene ii]:

     So foul a sky clears not without a storm.

7. Dishonest or not conforming to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.

   Foul play is not suspected.

8. (nautical) Entangled and therefore restricting free movement, not clear.

   We've got a foul anchor.

   A rope could get foul while it is being paid out.

9. (technical) (with "of") Positioned on, in, or near enough to (a specified area) so as to obstruct it.
   • 2015, Transportation Safety Board of Canada, Railway Investigation Report R13T0192^[1]:

     The bus had stopped just foul of the north track at the Erindale Station Road public railway crossing […] With the bus stationary, but still foul of the north track, the train struck one of its front mirrors.

10. (baseball) Outside of the base lines; in foul territory.

    Jones hit foul ball after foul ball.

使用する際の注意点

• Nouns to which "foul" is often applied: play, ball, language, breath, smell, odor, water, weather, deed.

同意語

• (hateful, detestable): shameful; odious; wretched

派生語

語源 2

From Middle English foulen, fulen, from 古期英語 fūlian (“to become foul; rot; decay”), from Proto-West Germanic *fūlijan, from Proto-Germanic *fūlāną (“to rot; decay”).

動詞

foul (三人称単数 現在形 fouls, 現在分詞 fouling, 過去形および過去分詞形 fouled)

1. (transitive) To make dirty.

   to foul the face or hands with mire

   She's fouled her diaper.

   Synonyms: befoul, dirty, besmirch

2. (transitive) To besmirch.

   He's fouled his reputation.

3. (transitive) To clog or obstruct.

   The hair has fouled the drain.

   • 1961 November, “Talking of Trains: Aircraft on rail tracks”, in Trains Illustrated, page 650:

     As a result of the accident at Southend Airport when a Hermes aircraft overshot the runway and fouled the down Shenfield to Southend Victoria line between Rochford and Prittlewell, the Eastern Region is considering warning arrangements, which have already been provided on some lines running past aerodromes.

4. (transitive, nautical) To entangle.
   • 1941, Emily Carr, Klee Wyck, Chapter 18, [2]

     The Indian's heart was sore for his boat; it looked as if nothing could save her. She was drifting more slowly now, her propeller fouled in kelp.

   The kelp has fouled the prop.

5. (transitive, basketball) To make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage.

   Smith fouled him hard.

6. (intransitive, basketball) To commit a foul.

   Smith fouled within the first minute of the quarter.

7. (transitive, baseball) To hit outside of the baselines.

   Jones fouled the ball off the facing of the upper deck.

8. (intransitive, baseball) To hit a ball outside of the baselines.

   Jones fouled for strike one.

9. (intransitive) To become clogged.

   The drain fouled.

10. (intransitive) To become entangled.

    The prop fouled on the kelp.

11. To come into contact or collide with.
    • 1963 July, “News and Comment: The future of coal by rail”, in Modern Railways, page 5:

      The full capacity, however, requires a hopper of a size that takes the wagon body up to 11ft 11½in above rail level, which would foul many existing colliery screens.

派生語

• foul one's own nest

名詞

foul (複数形 fouls)

1. (sports) A breach of the rules of a game, especially one involving inappropriate contact with an opposing player in order to gain an advantage; for example, tripping someone up in soccer, or contact of any kind in basketball.
   • 2011 December 10, Arindam Rej, “Norwich 4 - 2 Newcastle”, in BBC Sport‎^[3]:

     A second Norwich goal in four minutes arrived after some dire Newcastle defending. Gosling gave the ball away with a sloppy back-pass, allowing Crofts to curl in a cross that the unmarked Morison powered in with a firm, 12-yard header.
     Gosling's plight worsened when he was soon shown a red card for a foul on Martin.

2. (bowling) A (usually accidental) contact between a bowler and the lane before the bowler has released the ball.
3. (baseball) A foul ball, a ball which has been hit outside of the base lines.

   Jones hit a foul up over the screen.

派生した語

• → Russian: фол (fol)