glassとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Middle English glas, from 古期英語 glæs, from Proto-Germanic *glasą, possibly related to Proto-Germanic *glōaną (“to shine”) (compare glow), and ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰel- (“to shine, shimmer, glow”). Cognate with West Frisian glês, Dutch glas, Low German Glas, German Glas, Swedish glas, Icelandic gler.

発音

• enPR: gläs, IPA^(key): /ɡlɑːs/
  • (Received 発音) IPA^(key): [ɡlɑːs]
  • (General Australian, New Zealand) IPA^(key): [ɡläːs], [ɡlɐːs]
• enPR: glăs, IPA^(key): /ɡlæs/
  • (米国発音, Canada) IPA^(key): [ɡlæs], [ɡlɛəs], [ɡleəs]
  • (Northern England, Ireland) IPA^(key): [ɡlas], [ɡlæs]
• 韻: -ɑːs, -æs

名詞

glass (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 glasses)

1. (usually uncountable) An amorphous solid, often transparent substance, usually made by melting silica sand with various additives (for most purposes, a mixture of soda, potash かつ lime is added).

   The tabletop is made of glass.

   A popular myth is that window glass is actually an extremely viscous liquid.

   • 2013 September-October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist:

     The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone, essentially what today we might term a frameless magnifying glass or plain glass paperweight.

2. (countable, uncountable, by extension) Any amorphous solid (one without a regular crystal lattice).

   Metal glasses, unlike those based on silica, are electrically conductive, which can be either an advantage or a disadvantage, depending on the application.

4. (countable) A vessel from which one drinks, especially one made of glass, plastic, or similar translucent or semi-translucent material.

   Fill my glass with milk, please.

5. (metonymically) The quantity of liquid contained in such a vessel.

   There is half a glass of milk in each pound of chocolate we produce.

   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter II, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

     Here was my chance. I took the old man aside, and two or three glasses of Old Crow launched him into reminiscence.

   • 1892, Walter Besant, chapter III, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:

     At half-past nine on this Saturday evening, the parlour of the Salutation Inn, High Holborn, contained most of its customary visitors. […] In former days every tavern of repute kept such a room for its own select circle, a club, or society, of habitués, who met every evening, for a pipe and a cheerful glass.

6. (uncountable) Glassware.

   We collected art glass.

7. A mirror.
   • 1599, Thomas Dekker, Old Fortunatus, Act III, Scene 1, J.M. Dent & Co., 1904, p. 67,^[1]

     […] for what lady can abide to love a spruce silken-face courtier, that stands every morning two or three hours learning how to look by his glass, how to speak by his glass, how to sigh by his glass, how to court his mistress by his glass? I would wish him no other plague, but to have a mistress as brittle as glass.

   • 1907, Barbara Baynton, Sally Krimmer; Alan Lawson, editors, Human Toll (Portable Australian Authors: Barbara Baynton), St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, published 1980, page 216:

     As of old, he took down his portable glass hanging on a nail, and carefully wiping it, replaced it in its case.

   She adjusted her lipstick in the glass.

8. A magnifying glass or telescope.
   • 1912, The Encyclopædia of Sport & Games:

     Haviers, or stags which have been gelded when young, have no horns, as is well known, and in the early part of the stalking season, when seen through a glass, might be mistaken for hummels […]

9. (sports) A barrier made of solid, transparent material.
   1. (basketball, colloquial) The backboard.

      He caught the rebound off the glass.

   2. (ice hockey) The clear, protective screen surrounding a hockey rink.

      He fired the outlet pass off the glass.

10. A barometer.
    • 1938, Louis MacNeice, “Bagpipe Music”, in The Earth Compels‎^[2], page 59:

      The glass is falling hour by hour, the glass will fall for ever / But if you break the bloody glass you won’t hold up the weather.

11. (attributive, in names of species) Transparent or translucent.

    glass frog;  glass shrimp;  glass worm

12. (obsolete) An hourglass.
    • c. 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Winters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

      Were my Wiues Liuer / Infected (as her life) ſhe would not liue / The running of one Glaſſe.

13. (uncountable, photography, informal) Lenses, considered collectively.

    Her new camera was incompatible with her old one, so she needed to buy new glass.

14. (now rare) A pane of glass; a window (especially of a coach または similar vehicle).
    • 1790, Jane Austen, “Love and Freindship”, in Juvenilia:

      [N]o sooner had we entered Holbourn than letting down one of the Front Glasses I enquired of every decent-looking Person that we passed ‘If they had seen my Edward?’

下位語

(material):

• lechatelierite
• pyrex, Pyrex

派生語

関連する語

• glaze
• glazier
• glazing

派生した語

• → Gulf Arabic: قلاص‎ (gḷāṣ)
• → Fiji Hindi: gilaas
• → Indonesian: gelas
• → Japanese: グラス (gurasu)
• → Kikuyu: ngirathi
• → Malay: gelas, ݢلس‎

動詞

glass (三人称単数 現在形 glasses, 現在分詞 glassing, 過去形および過去分詞形 glassed)

1. (transitive) To fit with glass; to glaze.
2. (transitive) To enclose in glass.
   • c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Loues Labour’s Lost”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

     As Iewels in Christall for some Prince to buy. / Who tendring their own worth from whence they were glast,

   • 1664, Robert Boyle, “Experiment XLIV”, in Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours. […], 2nd edition, London: […] Henry Herringman […], published 1670, →OCLC, part III (Containing Promiscuous Experiments about Colours), page 333:

     And to ſatisfie my ſelf, that the diverſity came not from the Paper, vvhich one might ſuſpect capable of imbibing the Liquor, and altering the Colour, I made the Tryal upon a flat piece of purely VVhite Glaſs'd Earth, […]

3. (transitive) Clipping of fibreglass. To fit, cover, fill, or build, with fibreglass-reinforced resin composite (fiberglass).
4. (transitive, UK, colloquial) To strike (someone), particularly in the face, with a drinking glass with the intent of causing injury.
   • 1987, John Godber, Bouncers page 19:

     JUDD. Any trouble last night?

     LES. Usual. Couple of punks got glassed.

   • 2002, Geoff Doherty, A Promoter's Tale page 72:

     I often mused on what the politicians or authorities would say if they could see for themselves the horrendous consequences of someone who’d been glassed, or viciously assaulted.

   • 2003, Mark Sturdy, Pulp page 139:

     One night he was in this nightclub in Sheffield and he got glassed by this bloke who’d been just let out of prison that day.

5. (transitive, science fiction) To bombard an area with such intensity (nuclear bomb, fusion bomb, etc) as to melt the landscape into glass.
   • 2012, Halo: First Strike,, page 190:

     “The Covenant don’t ‘miss’ anything when they glass a planet,” the Master Chief replied.

6. (transitive) To view through an optical instrument such as binoculars.
   • 2000, Ben D. Mahaffey, 50 Years of Hunting and Fishing, page 95:

     Andy took his binoculars and glassed the area below.

7. (transitive) To smooth or polish (leather, etc.), by rubbing it with a glass burnisher.
8. (archaic, reflexive) To reflect; to mirror.
   • 1856, John Lothrop Motley, The Rise of the Dutch Republic. A History. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:

     Happy to glass themselves in so brilliant a mirror.

   • 1818, Lord Byron, “Canto IV”, in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. Canto the Fourth, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, stanza LXXXIII:

     Where the Almighty's form glasses itself in tempests.

9. (transitive) To make glassy.
   • 2018, Harry Leon Wilson, Ruggles of Red Gap, →ISBN, page 199:

     Not only were his eyes averted from mine, but they were glassed to an uncanny degree.

10. (intransitive) To become glassy.
    • 2012, Keith Duggan, Cliffs Of Insanity: A Winter On Ireland's Big Waves, page 32:

      Bourez had timed it perfectly: a wind that was forecast for the morning began to stir just after his arrival and the sea glassed off for a brief period before the waves grew bigger and bigger.

アナグラム

• slags