holdとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English holden, from 古期英語 healdan, from Proto-West Germanic *haldan, from Proto-Germanic *haldaną (“to tend, herd”), maybe from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to drive”).

Compare Latin celer (“quick”), Tocharian B käl- (“to goad, drive”), Ancient Greek κέλλω (kéllō, “to drive”), Sanskrit कलयति (kalayati, “to impel”).^[1][2] Cognate to West Frisian hâlde, Low German holden, holen, Dutch houden, German halten, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål holde, Norwegian Nynorsk halda.

動詞

hold (third-person singular simple present holds, present participle holding, simple past held, past participle held or (古風な用法) holden)

1. (transitive) To grasp or grip.

   Hold the pencil like this.

   • 1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:

     But then I had the flintlock by me for protection. ¶ There were giants in the days when that gun was made; for surely no modern mortal could have held that mass of metal steady to his shoulder. The linen-press and a chest on the top of it formed, however, a very good gun-carriage; and, thus mounted, aim could be taken out of the window […].

   • 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XXIII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

     The slightest effort made the patient cough. He would stand leaning on a stick and holding a hand to his side, and when the paroxysm had passed it left him shaking.

   • 2013 September-October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist:

     The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone, […]. Scribes, illuminators, and scholars held such stones directly over manuscript pages as an aid in seeing what was being written, drawn, or read.

2. (transitive) To contain or store.

   This package holds six bottles.

3. (heading) To maintain or keep to a position or state.
   1. (transitive) To have and keep possession of something.

      Hold my coat for me.  The general ordered the colonel to hold his position at all costs.

      • 2011 December 14, Angelique Chrisafis, “Rachida Dati accuses French PM of sexism and elitism”, in Guardian‎^[1]:

        She was Nicolas Sarkozy's pin-up for diversity, the first Muslim woman with north African parents to hold a major French government post. But Rachida Dati has now turned on her own party elite with such ferocity that some have suggested she should be expelled from the president's ruling party.

   2. (transitive) To reserve.

      Hold a table for us at 7:00.

   3. (transitive) To cause to wait or delay.

      Hold the elevator.

   4. (transitive) To detain.

      Hold the suspect in this cell.

   5. (intransitive, copulative) To be or remain valid; to apply (usually in the third person).

      to hold true;  The proposition holds.

      • 1726 October 28, [Jonathan Swift], Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. […] [Gulliver’s Travels], volume I, London: […] Benj[amin] Motte, […], →OCLC, part I (A Voyage to Lilliput), pages 226–227:

        I remember, before the Dwarf left the Queen, he followed us one day into thoſe gardens, and my Nurſe having ſet me down, he and I being cloſe together, near ſome Dwarf Apple trees, I muſt need ſhew my Wit, by a ſilly Alluſion between him and the Trees, which happens to hold in their Language as it doth in ours.

      • 1691, [John Locke], Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest, and Raising the Value of Money. […], London: […] Awnsham and John Churchill, […], published 1692, →OCLC:

        The rule holds in land as well as all other commodities.

      • 2021 July 20, Masayuki Yuda, “Foodpanda faces backlash after calling Thai protest 'terrorism'”, in Nikkei Asia‎^[2], Nikkei Inc, retrieved 2021-07-20:

        Free speech is a basic human right that holds even during a state of emergency.

   6. (intransitive, copulative) To keep oneself in a particular state.

      to hold firm

      • 1922, Ben Travers, chapter 2, in A Cuckoo in the Nest‎^[3]:

        Mother […] considered that the exclusiveness of Peter's circle was due not to its distinction, but to the fact that it was an inner Babylon of prodigality and whoredom, from which every Kensingtonian held aloof, except on the conventional tip-and-run excursions in pursuit of shopping, tea and theatres.

   7. (transitive) To impose restraint upon; to limit in motion or action; to bind legally or morally; to confine; to restrain.
      • 1623, William Shakespeare, The Life and Death of King John (Act iv, scene 2):

        We cannot hold mortality's strong hand.

      • 1646, Richard Crashaw, Vpon the Death of Mr. Herrys:

        Death! what do'st? O, hold thy blow.

      • 1856 February​, [Thomas Babington] Macaulay, “Oliver Goldsmith [from the Encyclopædia Britannica]”, in T[homas] F[lower] E[llis], editor, The Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches of Lord Macaulay, new edition, London: Longman, Green, Reader, & Dyer, published 1871, →OCLC:

        He hath not sufficient judgment and self-command to hold his tongue.

   8. (transitive) To bear, carry, or manage.

      He holds himself proudly erect.  Hold your head high.

      • 1595, William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream:

        Let him hold his fingers thus, and through that cranny shall Pyramus and Thisby whisper .

   9. (intransitive, chiefly imperative) Not to move; to halt; to stop.
      • 1606, William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Macbeth:

        Lay on, Macduff, and damned him that first cries hold, enough!

   10. (intransitive) Not to give way; not to part or become separated; to remain unbroken or unsubdued.
       • 1623, William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra:

         Our force by land hath nobly held.

   11. To remain continent; to control an excretory bodily function.

       to hold one's bladder;  to hold one's breath

4. (heading) To maintain or keep to particular opinions, promises, actions.
   1. (transitive) To maintain, to consider, to opine.
      • 1776, Thomas Jefferson; et al, United States Declaration of Independence:

        We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

      • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter I, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

        In the old days, to my commonplace and unobserving mind, he gave no evidences of genius whatsoever. He never read me any of his manuscripts, […], and therefore my lack of detection of his promise may in some degree be pardoned. But he had then none of the oddities and mannerisms which I hold to be inseparable from genius, and which struck my attention in after days when I came in contact with the Celebrity.

   2. (transitive) To bind (someone) to a consequence of his or her actions.

      He was held responsible for the actions of those under his command.  I'll hold him to that promise.

   3. To maintain in being or action; to carry on; to prosecute, as a course of conduct or an argument; to continue; to sustain.
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 83:1:

        Hold not thy peace, and be not still.

      • 1667, John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book II:

        Seedtime and harvest, heat and hoary frost, / Shall hold their course.

   4. To accept, as an opinion; to be the adherent of, openly or privately; to persist in, as a purpose; to maintain; to sustain.
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Thessalonians 2:15:

        Stand fast and hold the traditions which ye have been taught.

      • 1700, Ovid (John Dryden), Ceyx and Alcyone:

        These reasons mov'd her starlike husband's heart, But still he held his purpose to depart:

   5. (archaic) To restrain oneself; to refrain; to hold back.
      • 1685, John Dryden, Threnodia Augustalis: A Funeral Pindaric Poem:

        His dauntless heart would fain have held / From weeping, but his eyes rebelled.

5. (tennis, transitive, intransitive) To win one's own service game.
6. To take place, to occur.
   • 1824, James Hogg, The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, Oxford, published 2010, page 9:

     He came into the hall where the wedding-festival had held […].

7. To organise an event or meeting (usually in passive voice).

   Elections will be held on the first Sunday of next month.

   • 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter V, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

     Here, in the transept and choir, where the service was being held, one was conscious every moment of an increasing brightness; colours glowing vividly beneath the circular chandeliers, and the rows of small lights on the choristers' desks flashed and sparkled in front of the boys' faces, deep linen collars, and red neckbands.

8. (archaic) To derive right or title.
   • 1665, John Dryden, The Indian Emperour […]‎^[4], London: Printed by J.M. for H. Herringman, published 1667, Act I, scene ii, page 12:

     My Crown is abſolute, and holds of none.

   • 1817, William Hazlitt, The Round Table:

     His imagination holds immediately from nature.

9. (imperative) In a food or drink order at an informal restaurant etc., requesting that a component normally included in that order be omitted.

   One ham-and-cheese sandwich; hold the mustard.

   A martini, please, and hold the olive.

10. (slang, intransitive) To be in possession of illicit drugs for sale.
    • 1933, Goat Laven, Rough Stuff: The Life Story of a Gangster, page 122:

      […] first thing clients would say to me would be 'Are you holding?' I'd say yes if we had our supply and no if it was dangerous.