behindとは

意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Middle English behinde, behinden, from 古期英語 behindan (“on the back side of, behind”), equivalent to be- +‎ hind. Compare Old Saxon bihindan (“behind”, adverb), Middle High German behinter (“behind; back”).

発音

• (preposition, adverb)
  • IPA^(key): /bɪˈhaɪnd/, /bəˈhaɪnd/
• (noun)
  • (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈbiːˌhaɪnd/, /bɪˈhaɪnd/
  • (英国発音) IPA^(key): /bɪˈhaɪnd/, /bəˈhaɪnd/
• ハイフネーション: be‧hind

前置詞

behind

1. At the back of; positioned with something else in front of.

   The car is behind the wall.

   • 1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], OCLC 752825175:

     But then I had the [massive] flintlock by me for protection. ¶ […] The linen-press and a chest on the top of it formed, however, a very good gun-carriage; and, thus mounted, aim could be taken out of the window […], and a 'bead' could be drawn upon Molly, the dairymaid, kissing the fogger behind the hedge, little dreaming that the deadly tube was levelled at them.

   • 2013 July 19, Garton Ash, Timothy, “Where Dr Pangloss meets Machiavelli”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 6, page 18:

     Hidden behind thickets of acronyms and gorse bushes of detail, a new great game is under way across the globe. Some call it geoeconomics, but it's geopolitics too. The current power play consists of an extraordinary range of countries simultaneously sitting down to negotiate big free trade and investment agreements.

2. To the back of. (Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
3. After, time- or motion-wise.
   • 1883, Stevenson, Robert Louis, Treasure Island:

     About the center, and a good way behind the rest, Silver and I followed — I tethered by my rope […].

4. responsible for

   Who is behind these terrorist attacks?

5. In support of.

   The republicans are fully behind their candidate.

6. Left a distance by, in progress or improvement; inferior to.

   I'm ranked sixth in the French class, behind five other pupils.

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), imprinted at London: By Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, 2 Corinthians 11:5:

     For I suppose I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles.

7. (nonstandard, US, slang) As a result or consequence of
   • 2012, DeShawn Dorsey, Longsuffering Through Emotional Wounds, page 40:

     He was like, 'Fuck the police! Fuck you! You know who I am, you gonna quit playing with me, bitch.' I'm like let's go. 'Cause I wasn't trying to go to jail behind that shit.

同意語

• (at the back of): in back of, to the rear of.

反意語

• in front of

派生語

• behind every successful man there stands a woman

副詞

behind (comparative behinder または more behind, superlative behindest または most behind)

1. At the back part; in the rear. (Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
   • 1667, John Milton, “Book X”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: Printed [by Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […] [a]nd by Robert Boulter […] [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], OCLC 228722708; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: The Text Exactly Reproduced from the First Edition of 1667: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, OCLC 230729554:

     I shall not lag behind.

2. Toward the back part or rear; backward.

   to look behind

3. Overdue, in arrears.

   My employer is two paychecks behind on paying my salary.

   I'm two weeks behind in my schedule.

4. Slow; of a watch or clock.

   My watch is four minutes behind.

5. existing afterwards

   He left behind a legacy of death and sorrow.

   He stayed behind after the war.

   • 1610–1611, William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act IV, scene i]:

     Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve, / And, like this insubstantial pageant faded, / Leave not a rack behind.

6. Backward in time or order of succession; past.
   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), imprinted at London: By Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, Philippians 3:13:

     […] forgetting those things which are behind, and reaching forth unto those things which are before

7. Behind the scenes in a theatre; backstage.
   • 1890, Wilde, Oscar, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Vintage, published 2007, page 68:

     ‘After the performance was over I went behind, and spoke to her.’

8. (archaic) Not yet brought forward, produced, or exhibited to view; out of sight; remaining.
   • (Can we date this quote by John Locke かつ provide title, author's full name, かつ other details?)

     We cannot be sure that there is no evidence behind.

使用する際の注意点

For usage in phrasal verbs, see Category:English phrasal verbs with particle (behind).

名詞

behind (複数形 behinds)

1. the rear, back-end
2. (informal) butt, the buttocks, bottom
3. (豪州用法 rules football) A one-point score.
   • 1880, “The Opening Ball”, in G. Lehmann, editor, Comic Australian Verse, 1975, quoted in G. A. Wilkes, A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms, second edition, Sydney University Press, published 1985, →ISBN:

     A roar from ten thousand throats go up,
     For we've kicked another behind.

4. (baseball, slang, 1800s) The catcher.
5. In the Eton College field game, any of a group of players consisting of two "shorts" (who try to kick the ball over the bully) and a "long" (who defends the goal).

派生語

関連する語

• hind
• hiney

参照

• behind in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
• behind in The Century Dictionary, The Century Co., New York, 1911
• Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans, "Spatial particles of orientation", in The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 0-521-81430 8