downとは

語源 1

From Middle English doun, from 古期英語 dūn, from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz, *dūnǭ (“sandhill, dune”), probably borrowed from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“hill; hillfort”) (compare Welsh din (“hill”), Irish dún (“hill, fort”)), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to finish, come full circle”). Cognate with West Frisian dún (“dune, sandhill”), Dutch duin (“dune, sandhill”), German Düne (“dune”). More at town; akin to dune.

名詞

down (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 downs)

1. (especially southern England) A hill, especially a chalk hill; rolling grassland

   We went for a walk over the downs.

   The North Downs are a ridge of chalk hills in south east England.

   • 1610, William Shakespeare, The Tempest, act 4 scene 1

     And with each end of thy blue bow dost crown / My bosky acres and my unshrubb'd down

   • 1691, John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation, London: Pr. for S. Smith, OCLC 49840862:

     ...as they muſt needs acknowledge who have been on the Downs of Suſſex, and enjoyed that ravishing Proſpect of the Sea on one Hand, and the Country far and wide on the other.

   • 1842, Alfred Tennyson, “Lady Clare”, in Poems, London: Edward Moxon, OCLC 896031040, page 198:

     She went by dale, and she went by down, / With a single rose in her hair.

2. (usually in the plural) A field, especially one used for horse racing.
3. (Britain, chiefly in the plural) A tract of poor, sandy, undulating or hilly land near the sea, covered with fine turf which serves chiefly for the grazing of sheep.
   • 1636, George Sandys, “A Paraphrase Vpon Iob”, in Early English Books‎^[1]:

     Seven thousand broad-taild Sheepe gras'd on his Downes;

派生語

• downland
• North Downs
• South Downs

語源 2

• From Middle English doune, from 古期英語 dūne, aphetic form of adūne, from of dūne (“off the hill”).

副詞

down (not generally comparable, comparative farther down, superlative farthest down)

1. (comparable) From a higher position to a lower one; downwards.

   The cat jumped down from the table.

   • 1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, chapter 6, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

     She was so mad she wouldn't speak to me for quite a spell, but at last I coaxed her into going up to Miss Emmeline's room and fetching down a tintype of the missing Deacon man.

   • 1967, Sleigh, Barbara, Jessamy, 1993 edition, Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, →ISBN, page 48:

     To her humiliation Jessamy found there were tears trickling down her cheeks.

   • 1967, Sleigh, Barbara, Jessamy, 1993 edition, Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, →ISBN, page 122:

     Through the open front door ran Jessamy, down the steps to where Kitto was sitting at the bottom with the pram beside him.

   • For more examples of usage of this term, see Citations:down.
2. (comparable) At a lower and/or further along or away place or position along a set path.

   His place is farther down the road.

   The company was well down the path to bankruptcy.

   • 1906, Stanley J[ohn] Weyman, chapter I, in Chippinge Borough^[2], New York, N.Y.: McClure, Phillips & Co., OCLC 580270828:

     It was April 22, 1831, and a young man was walking down Whitehall in the direction of Parliament Street. He wore shepherd's plaid trousers and the swallow-tail coat of the day, with a figured muslin cravat wound about his wide-spread collar.

3. South (as south is at the bottom of typical maps).

   I went down to Miami for a conference.

4. (Ireland) Away from the city (even if the location is to the North).

   He went down to Cavan.  down on the farm;  down country

5. (sports) Towards the opponent's side (in ball-sports).
   • 2015 May 25, “Frustrated Prince Harry howls as he misses open goal”, in Daily Telegraph‎^[3]:

     The charity match, played Sunday afternoon at Cirencester Park Polo Club in Gloucestershire, reached a dramatic climax when Prince Harry tore down the pitch but failed to score what was described as an “open goal”.

   • 2005 September 1, “LBW explained”, in (Please provide the book title または journal name)‎^[4]:

     By moving further down the pitch, the batsman lengthens the distance between the ball and the stumps.

6. Into a state of non-operation.

   The computer has been shut down.  They closed the shop down.

7. To a subordinate or less prestigious position or rank.

   Smith was sent down to the minors to work on his batting.

   After the incident, Kelly went down to Second Lieutenant.

8. (rail transport) In the direction leading away from the principal terminus, away from milepost zero.
9. (sentence substitute, imperative) Get down.

   Down, boy! (such as to direct a dog to stand on four legs from two, または to sit from standing on four legs.)

10. (Britain, academia) Away from Oxford or Cambridge.

    He's gone back down to Newcastle for Christmas.

11. From a remoter or higher antiquity.
    • 1825 June 17, Daniel Webster, An address delivered at the laying of the corner stone of the Bunker Hill monument, Boston: Cummings, Hilliard, and Co., OCLC 228718257, page 12:

      Venerable men! you have come down to us from a former generation.

12. From a greater to a less bulk, or from a thinner to a thicker consistence.
    • 1788, Mary Cole, cook, The Lady's Complete Guide; or, Cookery in all its Branches, London: G. Kearsley, OCLC 6545073, page 92:

      ſtew it gently till quite tender, then take it up and boil down the gravy in the pan to a quart

13. From less to greater detail.
    • 2013 August 3, “Boundary problems”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

      Economics is a messy discipline: too fluid to be a science, too rigorous to be an art. Perhaps it is fitting that economists’ most-used metric, gross domestic product (GDP), is a tangle too. GDP measures the total value of output in an economic territory. Its apparent simplicity explains why it is scrutinised down to tenths of a percentage point every month.

14. (intensifier) Used with verbs to add emphasis to the action of the verb.

    They tamped (down) the asphalt to get a better bond.

15. Used with verbs to indicate that the action of the verb was carried to some state of completion, rather than being of indefinite duration.

    He boiled the mixture./He boiled down the mixture. He sat waiting./He sat down and waited.

使用する際の注意点

• Down can be used with verbs in ways that change the meaning of the verb in ways not entirely predictable from the meanings of the down and the verb, though related to them. See Category:English phrasal verbs with particle (down).

反意語

• (From a higher position to a lower one): up
• (At a lower place): up
• (Ireland: Away from the city): up
• (Into a state of non-operation): up
• (Rail transport: direction leading away from the principal terminus): up
• (in crosswords): across

前置詞

down

1. From the higher end to the lower of.

   The ball rolled down the hill.

   • 1898, Winston Churchill, chapter 5, in The Celebrity:

     We expressed our readiness, and in ten minutes were in the station wagon, rolling rapidly down the long drive, for it was then after nine. We passed on the way the van of the guests from Asquith.

2. From one end to another of.

   The bus went down the street.

   They walked down the beach holding hands.

反意語

• (From the higher end to the lower): up

派生語

• (from the higher end to the lower): sell down the river

形容詞

down (comparative more down, superlative most down)

1. Depressed, feeling low.
   • 2014 March 30, William Yardley, quoting Eddie Lawrence, “Eddie Lawrence Dies at 95; Comedy's ‘Old Philosopher’”, in New York Times‎^[5], Arts:

     You say you opened up a bicycle wash and the first six customers drowned [...] Is that what’s got you down, pussy cat?

2. Sick or ill.

   He is down with the flu.

3. At a lower level than before.

   The stock market is down.

   Prices are down.

4. Having a lower score than an opponent.

   They are down by 3-0 with just 5 minutes to play.

   He was down by a bishop and a pawn after 15 moves.

   At 5-1 down, she produced a great comeback to win the set on a tiebreak.

5. (baseball, colloquial, following the noun modified) Out.

   Two down and one to go in the bottom of the ninth.

6. (colloquial) With "on", negative about, hostile to

   Ever since Nixon, I've been down on Republicans.

7. (not comparable, US, slang) Comfortable with, accepting of.

   Are you down to hang out at the mall, Jamal?

   As long as you're down with helping me pick a phone, Jack.

8. (not comparable) Inoperable; out of order; out of service.

   The system is down.

9. Finished (of a task); defeated or dealt with (of an opponent または obstacle); elapsed (of time). Often coupled with to go (remaining).

   Two down and three to go. (Two tasks completed かつ three more still to be done.)

   Ten minutes down and nothing's happened yet.

10. (not comparable, military, law enforcement, slang, of a person) Wounded and unable to move normally; killed.

    We have an officer down outside the suspect's house.

    There are three soldiers down and one walking wounded.

11. (not comparable, military, aviation, slang, of an aircraft) Mechanically failed, collided, shot down, or otherwise suddenly unable to fly.

    We have a chopper down near the river.

12. Thoroughly practiced, learned or memorised; mastered. (Compare down pat.)

    It's two weeks until opening night and our lines are still not down yet.

    • 2013, P.J. Hoover, Solstice, →ISBN, page 355:

      I stay with Chloe the longest. When she's not hanging out at the beach parties, she lives in a Japanese garden complete with an arched bridge spanning a pond filled with koi of varying sizes and shapes. Reeds shoot out of the water, rustling when the fish swim through them, and river-washed stones are sprinkled in a bed of sand. Chloe has this whole new Japanese thing down.

13. (obsolete) Downright; absolute; positive.
    • 1764, Jonathan Mayhew, A Defence of the Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, London: W. Nicoll, OCLC 940171697, page 84:

      This, he muſt give me leave to tell him, is an abſolute, right down—falſehood.

反意語

• (Depressed): up
• (On a lower level): up
• (Having a lower score): up
• (Inoperable): up

派生語

• down but not out

動詞

down (三人称単数 現在形 downs, 現在分詞 downing, 過去形および過去分詞形 downed)

1. (transitive) To drink or swallow, especially without stopping before the vessel containing the liquid is empty.

   He downed an ale and ordered another.

2. (transitive) To cause to come down; to knock down or subdue.

   The storm downed several old trees along the highway.

   • 1725, Philip Sidney, The works of the Honourable Sir Philip Sidney, kt., in prose and verse, London: W. Innys, OCLC 18146617, page 156:

     To down proud hearts that would not willing die.

   • 1842, Fanny Burney, Diary and Letters of Madame D'Arblay, London: Colburn, OCLC 310706640, page 138:

     I remember how you downed Beauclerk and Hamilton, the wits, once at our house, when they talked of ghosts!

3. (transitive, pocket billiards) To put a ball in a pocket; to pot a ball.

   He downed two balls on the break.

4. (transitive, American football) To bring a play to an end by touching the ball to the ground or while it is on the ground.

   He downed it at the seven-yard line.

5. (transitive) To write off; to make fun of.
6. (obsolete, intransitive) To go down; to descend.
   • 1933, Arthur Bryant, quoting Samuel Pepys (1664, February 2nd), Samuel Pepys: The Man in the Making, New York: Macmillan, OCLC 247768037, page 215:

     ...that is, that the trade of the world is too little for us two, therefore one must down.

同意語

• (drink): See also Thesaurus:drink

名詞

down (複数形 downs)

1. A negative aspect; a downer.

   I love almost everything about my job. The only down is that I can't take Saturdays off.

2. (dated) A grudge (on someone).
   • 1974, GB Edwards, The Book of Ebenezer Le Page, New York 2007, page 10:

     She had a down on me. I don't know what for, I'm sure; because I never said a word.

3. An act of swallowing an entire drink at once.
4. (米国用法 football) A single play, from the time the ball is snapped (the start) to the time the whistle is blown (the end) when the ball is down, or is downed.

   I bet after the third down, the kicker will replace the quarterback on the field.

5. (crosswords) A clue whose solution runs vertically in the grid.

   I haven't solved 12 or 13 across, but I've got most of the downs.

6. A downstairs room of a two-story house.

   She lives in a two-up two-down.

7. Down payment.

派生語

参照

• Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans, "Spatial particles of orientation", in The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 0-521-81430 8

語源 3

From Old Norse dúnn. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Duune (“fluff, down”), German Daune (“down”) and Danish dun (“down”).

名詞

down (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 downs)

1. Soft, fluffy immature feathers which grow on young birds. Used as insulating material in duvets, sleeping bags and jackets.
2. (botany) The pubescence of plants; the hairy crown or envelope of the seeds of certain plants, such as the thistle.
   • 1718, Nicholas Culpeper, The English Physician Enlarged, London: W. Churchill, OCLC 316759094, page 120:

     Down or Cotton-Thiſtle. This hath many large Leaves lying on the Ground, ſomewhat cut in, and as it were crumpled on the Edges, of a green Colour on the upper ſide, but covered with long hairy Wool or Cottony Down, ſet with moſt ſharp and cruel pricks

   • 1998, Valerie Worth, The Crone's Book of Charms and Spells, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications, →ISBN, page 152:

     No candle should light it, neither should any flower adorn it, save for several dried stalks of old and withered thistles, their heads pale with silken down, held in a common glass jar.

3. The soft hair of the face when beginning to appear.
   • 1717, John Dryden, The Dramatick Works of John Dryden, Esq., volume the fourth, London: Jacob Tonson, OCLC 83307675, page 136:

     But love him as he was, when youthful Grace, / And the firſt Down began to ſhade his face

4. That which is made of down, as a bed or pillow; that which affords ease and repose, like a bed of down.
   • 1747, Thomas Southerne, Oroonoko, London: C. Hitch; J. Brindley; J. King; T. Waller; R. Wellington; J. New; and C. Bathurst, OCLC 10806842, page 75:

     Thou Bosom Softneſs! Down of all my Cares! / I could recline my Thoughts upon this Breaſt

   • 1857, Alfred Tennyson, The poetical works of Alfred Tennyson, poet laureate, Boston: Ticknor and Fields, OCLC 1317272, In Memoriam A.H.H.:

     When in the down I sink my head, / Sleep, Death's twin brother, times my breath.

動詞

down (三人称単数 現在形 downs, 現在分詞 downing, 過去形および過去分詞形 downed)

1. (transitive) To cover, ornament, line, or stuff with down.
   • 1742, Edward Young, The Complaint: or, Night-thoughts on Life, Death, & Immortality, London: R. Dodsley, OCLC 54334640, page 264:

     What pain to quit the world, just made their own, / Their nest so deeply downed, and built so high !

アナグラム

• nowd

接頭辞

down-

1. decrease.

   Those bonds have been down-rated.

2. lower position or direction, literally or figuratively.

   The end of the ride was a long coast downhill.

3. de-emphasis.

派生語

アナグラム

• nowd