farmとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (米国発音, Canada) enPR: färm, IPA^(key): /fɑːɹm/
• (英国発音) IPA^(key): /fɑːm/
• 韻: -ɑː(ɹ)m

語源 1

From Middle English ferme, farme (“rent, revenue, produce, factor, stewardship, meal, feast”), influenced by Anglo-Norman ferme (“rent, lease, farm”), from Medieval Latin ferma, firma. Both from 古期英語 feorm, fearm, farm (“provision, food, supplies, provisions supplied by a tenant または vassal to his lord, rent, possessions, stores, feast, entertainment, haven”), from Proto-Germanic *fermō (“means of living, subsistence”), from Proto-Germanic *ferhwō, *ferhuz (“life force, body, being”), from Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- (“life, force, strength, tree”).

Cognate with Scots ferm (“rent, farm”). Related also to 古期英語 feorh (“life, spirit”), Old High German ferah (“life, body, being”), Icelandic fjör (“life, vitality, vigour, animation”), Gothic �������������� (fairƕus, “the world”). Compare also 古期英語 feormehām (“farm”), feormere (“purveyor, grocer”).

古期英語 feorm is the origin of Medieval Latin ferma, firma (“farm", also "feast”) (whence also Old French ferme, Occitan ferma), instead of the historically assumed derivation from unrelated Latin firma (“firm, solid”), which shares the same form. The sense of "rent, fixed payment", which was already present in the 古期英語 word, may have been further strengthened due to resemblance to Latin firmitas (“security, surety”). Additionally, Old French ferme continued to shape the development of the English word throughout the Middle English period.^[1][2][3]

別の表記

• feorm (historical)
• ferme (廃れた用法)

名詞

farm (複数形 farms)

1. A place where agricultural and similar activities take place, especially the growing of crops or the raising of livestock.
2. A tract of land held on lease for the purpose of cultivation.
3. (often in combination) A location used for an industrial purpose, having many similar structures.

   antenna farm; fuel farm; solar farm; wind farm

   • 2014 July 25, Suzanne Goldenberg, “Apple eyes solar to power the cloud and iPhone 6 sapphire manufacturing”, in The Guardian‎^[1]:

     The skies are threatening to pour on the Apple solar farm but as the woman in-charge of the company’s environmental initiatives points out: the panels are still putting out some power. Apple is still greening its act.

4. (computing) A group of coordinated servers.

   a render farm

   a server farm

5. (obsolete) Food; provisions; a meal.
6. (obsolete) A banquet; feast.
7. (obsolete) A fixed yearly amount (food, provisions, money, etc.) payable as rent or tax.
   • 1642, J. Perkins, transl., Profitable Bk. (new ed.) xi. §751. 329:

     If a man be bounden unto 1.s. in 100.l.£ to grant unto him the rent and farme of such a Mill.

   • 1700, J. Tyrrell, Gen. Hist. Eng. II. 814:

     All..Tythings shall stand at the old Farm, without any Increase.

   • 1767, W. Blackstone, Comm. Laws Eng. II. 320:

     The most usual and customary feorm or rent..must be reserved yearly on such lease.

8. (historical) A fixed yearly sum accepted from a person as a composition for taxes or other moneys which he is empowered to collect; also, a fixed charge imposed on a town, county, etc., in respect of a tax or taxes to be collected within its limits.
   • 1876, E. A. Freeman, Hist. Norman Conquest V. xxiv. 439:

     He [the Sheriff] paid into the Exchequer the fixed yearly sum which formed the farm of the shire.

9. (historical) The letting-out of public revenue to a ‘farmer’; the privilege of farming a tax or taxes.
   • 1885, Edwards in Encycl. Brit. XIX. 580:

     The first farm of postal income was made in 1672.

10. The body of farmers of public revenues.
    • 1786, T. Jefferson, Writings (1859) I. 568:

      They despair of a suppression of the Farm.

11. The condition of being let at a fixed rent; lease; a lease.
    • a1599, Spenser, View State Ireland in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) 58:

      It is a great willfullnes in any such Land-lord to refuse to make any longer farmes unto their Tennants.

    • 1647, N. Bacon, Hist. Disc. Govt. 75:

      Thence the Leases so made were called Feormes or Farmes, which word signifieth Victuals.

    • 1818, W. Cruise, Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) IV. 68:

      The words demise, lease, and to farm let, are the proper ones to constitute a lease.

12. (historical) A baby farm.
    • 1838, Boz [pseudonym; Charles Dickens], Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy’s Progress. […], volumes (please specify |volume=I, II, または III), London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC:

      Oliver’s sobs checked his utterance for some minutes; when he was on the point of beginning to relate how he had been brought up at the farm, and carried to the workhouse by Mr. Bumble, a peculiarly impatient little double-knock was heard at the street-door: and the servant, running upstairs, announced Mr. Grimwig.

派生語

派生した語

• → Dutch: farm
• → German: Farm
• → Portuguese: farme, farma
• → Yiddish: פֿאַרם‎ (farm)

語源 2

From Middle English fermen, from Anglo-Norman fermer (“to let out for a fixed payment, lease, rent”) ultimately from the same 古期英語 source as Etymology 1. Compare 古期英語 feormian (“to feed, supply with food, sustain”).

動詞

farm (三人称単数 現在形 farms, 現在分詞 farming, 過去形および過去分詞形 farmed)

1. (intransitive) To work on a farm, especially in the growing and harvesting of crops.
2. (transitive) To devote (land) to farming.
3. (transitive) To grow (a particular crop).
4. To give up to another, as an estate, a business, the revenue, etc., on condition of receiving in return a percentage of what it yields; to farm out.

   to farm the taxes

   • December 1, 1783, Edmund Burke, Speech on Mr. Fox's East-India Bill

     to farm their subjects and their duties toward these

5. (obsolete, transitive) To lease or let for an equivalent, e.g. land for a rent; to yield the use of to proceeds.
   • 1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iv]:

     We are enforced to farm our royal realm.

6. (obsolete, transitive) To take at a certain rent or rate.
   • 1886, The Fortnightly, volume 46, page 530:

     In Paris it is stated that nearly half the birth-rate of the city finds its way to nurses who farm babies in the suburbs.

7. (video games, chiefly online gaming) To engage in grinding (repetitive activity) in a particular area or against specific enemies for a particular drop or item.
   • 2004, Doug Freyburger, “Pudding Farming Requires Care”, in rec.games.roguelike.nethack (Usenet):

     When you hit a black pudding with an iron weapon that does at least one point of damage there is a good chance it will divide into two black puddings of the same size (but half the hit points IIRC). […] When eaten black puddings confer several intrinsics so AC [armor class] is not the only potential benefit. […] Since black puddings are formidible^[sic] monsters for an inexperienced character, farming is also a good way to die.

   • 2010, Robert Alan Brookey, Hollywood Gamers, page 130:

     The practice of gold farming is controversial within gaming communities and violates the end user licensing agreements […]

派生語

参考

• agriculture
• north forty

参照

Oxford English Dictionary, 1884–1928, and First Supplement, 1933.

Further reading

• farm on Wikipedia.

語源 3

From Middle English fermen, from 古期英語 feormian (“to clean, cleanse”), from Proto-West Germanic *furbēn (“to clean, polish, buff”). Doublet of furbish.

動詞

farm (三人称単数 現在形 farms, 現在分詞 farming, 過去形および過去分詞形 farmed)

1. (UK, dialectal) To cleanse; clean out; put in order; empty; empty out

   Farm out the stable and pigsty.

アナグラム

• AFRM