habitualとは

意味・読み方・使い方

語源

The adjective is derived from Late Middle English habitual (“of one's inherent disposition”),^[1] from Medieval Latin habituālis (“customary; habitual”), from Latin habitus (“character; disposition; habit; physical または emotional condition; attire, dress”) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives of relationship);^[2] analysable as habit +‎ -ual. Habitus is derived from habeō (“to have; to hold; to own; to possess”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ- (“to grab, take”)) + -tus (suffix forming action nouns from verbs).

The noun is derived from the adjective.

発音

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /həˈbɪ.tʃʊ.əl/, /həˈbɪ.tʃwəl/, /-tjʊ-/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /həˈbɪ.tʃʊ.əl/, /həˈbɪ.tʃ(w)əl/
• ハイフネーション: ha‧bit‧u‧al, ha‧bit‧ual

形容詞

habitual (comparative more habitual, superlative most habitual)

1. Of or relating to a habit; established as a habit; performed over and over again; recurrent, recurring.

   Her habitual lying was the reason for my mistrust.

   • 1617, Zacharias Ursinus, “Quest. 90. What is the Quickning of the New Man?”, in Henrie Parrie [i.e., Henry Parry] and David Pareus, transl., The Svmme of Christian Religion, Deliuered Zacharias Vrsinvs in His Lectures vpon the Catechisme, […] Translated into English […], and Lately Conferred with the Last and Best Latine Edition […], London: Imprinted by H. L. and are to be sold by Arthur Iohnson, […], OCLC 54203254, 3rd part (Of Mans Thankefulnes), section 4 (What are the Causes of Conuersion), page 861:

     Thomas Aquinas attributeth preparation vnto free-vvill, but not conuerſion. Now this preparation hee thus coloureth, that it is indeed a furtherance to the habituall grace of cõuersion, but yet through the free aſsiſtance of God mouing vs inwardly.

   • 1624, John Donne, “11. Prayer.”, in Deuotions upon Emergent Occasions, and Seuerall Steps in My Sicknes: […], London: Printed by A[ugustine] M[atthews] for Thomas Iones, OCLC 55189476; republished as Geoffrey Keynes, John Sparrow, editor, Devotions upon Emergent Occasions: […], Cambridge: At the University Press, 1923, OCLC 459265555, lines 28–30, and 1, pages 66–67:

     I was baptized in thy Cordiall water, against Original sinne, and I have drunke of thy Cordiall Blood, for my recoverie, from actuall, and habituall sinne, in the other Sacrament.

   • 1655, Rich[ard] Baxter, “Sect. III. The Testimony of Reformed Divines Ascribing as Much to Works as I: And Many of Them Delivering the Same Doctrine.”, in Rich[ard] Baxter’s Confesssion [sic] of His Faith, Especially Concerning the Interest of Repentance and Sincere Obedience to Christ, in Our Justification & Salvation. […], London: Printed by R[obert] W[hite] for Tho[mas] Underhil and Fra[ncis] Tyton, […], OCLC 896147378, page 421:

     There is an actual Grace removing the Power of ſin, before habitual or ſanctifying Grace, the [Holy] Spirit doing it immediately by an omnipotent act, by that which is called actuating moving Grace; Chriſt can and muſt firſt bind the ſtrong man and caſt him out by this working or actual Grace, before he dwels in the houſe of mans heart by habitual and ſanctifying Grace: [...]

   • 1703, Michael Etmullerus [i.e., Michael Ettmüller], “Sect. XIV. Of Diseases Relating to the Lungs and Organs of Respiration.”, in Etmullerus Abridg’d: Or, A Compleat System of the Theory and Practice of Physic. […] Translated from the Last Edition of the Works […], 2nd corrected and much improved edition, London: Printed for Andrew Bell […], and Richard Wellington, […], OCLC 1102939417, 1st book, chapter II (Of Inspiration Deprav’d, または Difficult Breathing), article III (Of the Night Mare), page 144:

     The Night-Mare is either Accidental or Habitual. [...] The Habitual is occaſioned by ſome Acid Lymph that diſorders the Spirits and Creates a Paralytic or Convulſive Diſpoſition of the Nerves of the Middriff and Muſcles of the Breast; which by conſent Cramp thoſe of the Wind-Pipe, whoſe Contraction raiſes a ſenſe of ſtrangling, and aboliſhes the power of an Articulate Voice.

   • 1774, W[illiam] Mason, An Affectionate Address to Passionate Professors: Shewing the Blessedness of a Meek and Quiet Spirit: The Evil of Giving Way to Bad Tempers and Sinful Passions; And Pointing Out Some Remedies for Subduing Them, London: Printed for the author; and sold by M. Lewis, […]; and J. Mathews, […], OCLC 723467285, page 11:

     But by a long and habitual courſe of giving way to evil tempers, and indulging ſinful paſſions, a perſon may be ſo blinded thereby as not to ſee the evil thereof, and ſo hardened therein as not to feel the bad effects of them.

   • 1796 September 17, George Washington, “The Address of Gen. Washington to the People of America on His Declining the Presidency of the United States”, in Claypoole’s American Daily Advertiser, Philadelphia, Pa.: D[avid] C. and S. Claypoole, published 19 September 1796, OCLC 2259451; republished as “Address of General Washington on His Resignation”, in The Scots Magazine; or, General Repository of Literature, History, and Politics, volume LVIII (volume III, New Series), Edinburgh: Printed by Alex[ander] Chapman and Company, for James Watson and Company, […], December 1796, OCLC 810532611, page 832, column 1:

     The nation, which indulges towards another an habitual hatred, or an habitual fondneſs, is in ſome degree a ſlave: it is a ſlave to its authority or its affection, either of which is ſufficient to lead it aſtray from its duty and its intereſt.

   • 1820, John Crawfurd, “Domestic Ceremonies and Familiar Usages”, in History of the Indian Archipelago. Containing an Account of the Manners, Arts, Languages, Religions, Institutions, and Commerce of Its Inhabitants. [...] In Three Volumes, volume I, Edinburgh: Printed [by George Ramsay and Company] for Archibald Constable and Co. […]; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], OCLC 973230360, book I (Character), page 106:

     The habitual use of opium is wholly unlike that of the gentler narcotics, tea, coffee, areca, and even tobacco, and is far more pernicious than that even of any description of fermented liquor.

   • 1841, J[ames] Fenimore Cooper, chapter V, in The Deerslayer: A Tale. [...] In Three Volumes, volume II, 1st British edition, London: Richard Bentley, […], OCLC 3787056, page 155:

     Hurry had felt angered at his sufferings, when first liberated, it is true, but that emotion had soon disappeared in the habitual love of gold, which he sought with the reckless avidity of a needy spendthrift, rather than with the ceaseless longings of a miser.

   • 1997, Christine A. Wynd, “Smoking Cessation”, in Barbara Montgomery Dossey, editor, Core Curriculum for Holistic Nursing, Gaithersburg, Md.: Aspen Publishers, →ISBN, page 220:

     KNOWLEDGE COMPETENCIES [...] Explore the rationale behind an individual's smoking habit (nicotine addiction/dependence, psychosocial aspects, かつ habitual cues).

2. Regular or usual.

   Synonyms: accustomed, customary

   Professor Franklein took his habitual seat at the conference table.

   • 1653, Thomas Shepard, The Sound Beleever. A Treatise of Evangelicall Conversion. Discovering the Work of Christs Spirit, in Reconciling of a Sinner to God, London: Printed for Andrew Crooke […], OCLC 228722045, page 83:

     Our hearts are ſaid to be purified by faith; Acts 15. 9. not our lives onely in the acts of holineſſe and purity, but our heart in the habituall frame of them.

   • 1658, John Bramhall, “The Fourth and Fifth Reasons against This Improbable Fiction, from the No Necessity of It, and the Lesse Advantage of It”, in The Consecration and Succession, of Protestant Bishops Justified. […], Gravenhagh [The Hague]: By John Ramzey, OCLC 54297651, page 54:

     Now he [Edmund Bonner] was deprived, and had no more to doe with the Bishoprick of London, then with the Bishoprick of Conſtantinople, he had the habituall power of the Keies, but had no flock to exercise it upon.

   • 1876, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], chapter XVI, in Daniel Deronda, volume I, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, OCLC 775411, book II (Meeting Streams), pages 310–311:

     There was hardly any creature in his habitual world that he was not fond of; teasing them occasionally, of course—all except his uncle, or "Nunc," as Sir Hugo had taught him to say; [...]

3. Of a person or thing: engaging in some behaviour as a habit or regularly.

   He’s a habitual chain-smoker.

   • 1658, Thomas Hall, “[Chap. 3.] Verse 2. For men shall be lovers of themselves, Covetous, Boasters, Proud, Blasphemers, disobedient to Parents, unthankfull, unholy, &c.”, in A Practical and Polemical Commentary: Or, Exposition upon the Third and Fourth Chapters of the Latter Epistle of Saint Paul to Timothy. […], London: Printed by E. Tyler, for John Starkey, […], OCLC 950943790, page [95]:

     [N]o drunkard (i.e.) no Habituall, Impenitent drunkard, ſhall come into Gods Kingdome.

   • a. 1806, William Paley; W[illiam] Hamilton Reid, “Conversion”, in Beauties Selected from the Writings of the Late William Paley, D.D. Archbishop of Carlisle: […], London: Printed for Sherwood, Neely and Jones, […], published 1810, OCLC 613208334, page 123:

     The habitual drunkard, the habitual fornicator, the habitual cheat must be converted. The breaking off a habit, especially when we had placed much of our gratification in it, is alone so great a thing, and such a step in our Christian life, as to merit the name of conversion.

   • 1851 June – 1852 April​, Harriet Beecher Stowe, “Emmeline and Cassy”, in Uncle Tom’s Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly, volume II, Boston, Mass.: John P[unchard] Jewett & Company; Cleveland, Oh.: Jewett, Proctor & Worthington, published 20 March 1852, OCLC 976451739, page 224:

     Legree was not a habitual drunkard. His coarse, strong nature craved, and could endure, a continual stimulation, that would have utterly wrecked and crazed a finer one. But a deep, underlying spirit of cautiousness prevented his often yielding to appetite in such measure as to lose control of himself.

   • 1922 July, “Quotations: Defectives, Criminals, and Misdemeanants”, in J. Harold Williams, editor, The Journal of Delinquency, volume VII, number 4, Whittier, Calif.: California Bureau of Juvenile Research, Whittier State School, OCLC 954073721, page 194:

     That the hospitals for the insane be designated as the proper places for the custody, care, and treatment of constitutionally unstable offenders, whether occasional or habitual offenders, and whether feeble-minded, or non-feeble-minded, [...]

   • 2002, Jose Antonio; Jeffrey R. Stout, “Caffeine and Ephedrine”, in Supplements for Endurance Athletes, Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics Publishers, →ISBN, page 15:

     In addition to the dose of caffeine, there are other items that athletes need to be aware of before utilizing caffeine or caffeine-containing products as an ergogenic aid. Habitual caffeine users may respond differently than naïve users [...]. Research indicates that in habitual users, caffeine may increase fat breakdown, but this does not necessarily result in an increase in fat use for energy or an increase in catecholamines or performance.

   • 2006, Deniz Ucbarasan; Paul Westhead; Mike Wright, “Conclusions”, in Habitual Entrepreneurs, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire; Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar Publishing, →ISBN, page 205:

     While some novice entrepreneurs have no intention of becoming a habitual entrepreneur, others do. [...] Accordingly, while 'pure' novice entrepreneurs represent the group of novice entrepreneurs that will remain one-time entrepreneurs, 'transient'; novice entrepreneurs will at least attempt to become habitual entrepreneurs.

4. (grammar) Pertaining to an action performed customarily, ordinarily, or usually.

   Synonym: consuetudinal

   • 1976, Bernard Comrie, “Perfective and Imperfective”, in Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics; 2), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, published 1998, →ISBN, section 1.2.1.1 (Habitual かつ Other Aspectual Values), page 30:

     In English, for instance, the Habitual Aspect (used to construction) can combine freely with Progressive Aspect, to give such forms as used to be playing.

   • 1999, Alexandra Y[urievna] Aikhenvald, “The Arawak Language Family”, in R[obert] M[alcolm] W[ard] Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, editors, The Amazonian Languages (Cambridge Language Surveys), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, section 6.4 (Other Verbal Categories), page 93:

     The majority of South Arawak, Pareci-Xingu, and Peruvian Arawak languages have a three-fold aspect distinction: completive (completed, perfective または telic action); progressive (action/state in progress; also a durative meaning); and habitual.

別の表記

• habituall (廃れた用法)

派生語

関連する語

名詞

habitual (複数形 habituals)

1. (colloquial) One who does something habitually, such as a serial criminal offender.
   • 1870 January 20, G. Hutchinson, “XXIV. The Present State of the Prison Question in British India.”, in Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Executive Committee of the Prison Association of New York, and Accompanying Documents, for the Year 1869. […] (New York State Senate; 1870, no. 21), Albany, N.Y.: The Argus Company, printers, OCLC 78760099, page 433:

     It has been suggested that we should classify prisoners as casuals and habituals. If a casual is to be distinguished from an habitual simply by the length of his sentence, this classification would hardly answer.

   • 1997, John Pratt, “Dangerousness: The Birth of a Concept”, in Governing the Dangerous: Dangerousness, Law and Social Change, Leichhardt, N.S.W.: The Federation Press, →ISBN, page 31:

     However, in an era when legal punishment was dominated by principles of classical justice and Victorian political economy, what else could one do with the habituals other than provide for an accumulation of prison sentences: the more repeated one's crime, the longer one might be sentenced to imprisonment.

   • 2014, Kevin Roose, chapter 11, in Young Money: Inside the Hidden World of Wall Street’s Post-crash Recruits, New York, N.Y.: Grand Central Publishing, →ISBN:

     Habituals, generally speaking, are the people who might in the context of college admissions be referred to as "legacies." These are people who choose to go into finance either because their parents or siblings work in finance, or because they've grown up with financiers in their immediate social circle. Strictly speaking, most Habituals make it to Wall Street on their own, but their upbringings (in wealthy または upper-middle-class communities) and their educational opportunities (at private high schools かつ top-tier colleges) have made finance a destination that, if not inevitable, is at least a known and respected option for people in their circumstances.

2. (grammar) A construction representing something done habitually.
   • 1976, Bernard Comrie, “Perfective and Imperfective”, in Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics; 2), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, published 1998, →ISBN, section 1.2.1.1 (Habitual かつ Other Aspectual Values), page 30:

     Since any situation that can be protracted sufficiently in time, or that can be iterated a sufficient number of times over a long enough period – and this means, in effect, almost any situation – can be expressed as a habitual, it follows that habituality is in principle combinable with various other aspectual values, namely those appropriate to the kind of situation that is prolonged or iterated.

   • 2001, F[rank] R[obert] Palmer, “Subjunctive and Irrealis”, in Mood and Modality (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics), 2nd edition, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 191:

     Indeed, [Thomas] Givón (1994: 323) suggests the habitual is a 'hybrid modality', sharing some features of realis (higher assertive certainty) and some of irrealis ('lack of specific temporal reference; lack of specific evidence; …').

   • 2004, Elly van Gelderen, “Aspect: The Tense Aspect Parameter and Inner to Outer Aspect”, in Grammaticalization as Economy (Linguistik Aktuell = Linguistics Today; 71), Amsterdam; Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, ISSN 0166-0829, section 5 (Giorgi & Pianesi: The Demise of the Infinitival Ending かつ Aspect), page 221:

     Stative verbs such as know and see are not associated with [+perf] since, like habituals, they are associated with a generic operator.

   • 2007, Raymond Hickey, “The Emergence of Irish English”, in Irish English: History and Present-day Forms (Studies in English Language), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 216:

     As an expression of the iterative habitual suffixal -s is by no means recent. It is found in emigrant letters from the early nineteenth century. [...] O'Hara's uses as an inflected first person singular as an iterative habitual, e.g. I hopes the [ ] family are well …, I hopes you will except [sic!] my thanks for the same … (Kean O'Hara, 1818–19). This usage is still to be found in east coast varieties of Irish English.

   • 2007, Howard Jackson, “Grammar: Morphology and Syntax”, in Key Terms in Linguistics, London; New York, N.Y.: Continuum, →ISBN, page 23:

     For example, repeated occurrence (iteratives または ‘habituals’) in English may be signalled by repeatedly or several times (‘He shouted repeatedly’), or it may be part of the meaning of the verb (‘The bird fluttered its wings’).

参照

Further reading

• habit on Wikipedia.