lastとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) enPR: läst, IPA: /lɑːst/
• (General American) enPR: lăst, IPA: /læst/
• (Northern England, Canada) IPA: /last/
• (Scotland) IPA: /ɫast/
• 韻: -ɑːst, -æst

語源 1

From 中期英語 laste, latst, syncopated variant of latest.

形容詞

last (not comparable)

1. Final, ultimate, coming after all others of its kind.

   Eyes Wide Shut was the last film to be directed by Stanley Kubrick.

   • 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter V, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

     Then everybody once more knelt, and soon the blessing was pronounced. The choir and the clergy trooped out slowly, […] , down the nave to the western door. […] At a seemingly immense distance the surpliced group stopped to say the last prayer.

2. Most recent, latest, last so far.

   The last time I saw him, he was married.

   I have received your note dated the 17th last, and am responding to say that […] (archaic usage)

   • 1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, →OCLC:

     She told him the last news about little Georgy, and how he was gone to spend that very day with his sisters in the country.

   • 2013 May 25, “No Hiding Place”, in The Economist‎, volume 407, number 8837, page 74:

     In America alone, people spent $170 billion on “direct marketing”—junk mail of both the physical and electronic varieties—last year.

3. Farthest of all from a given quality, character, or condition; most unlikely, or least preferable.

   He is the last person to be accused of theft.

   The last person I want to meet is Helen.

   More rain is the last thing we need right now.

4. Being the only one remaining of its class.

   Japan is the last empire.

5. Supreme; highest in degree; utmost.
   • 1802, Robert Hall, Reflections on War:

     Contending for principles of the last importance.

6. Lowest in rank or degree.

   Three contestants will win awards, but the last prize is just a book voucher.

   • 1797 May 8 (first performance), Richard Cumberland, “The Last of the Family. A Comedy.”, in Frances Marianne [Cumberland] Jansen, editor, The Posthumous Dramatick Works of the Late Richard Cumberland, Esq. […], volume II, London: […] [F]or G[eorge] and W[illiam] Nicol, […]; by W[illiam] Bulmer and Co., […], published 1813, →OCLC, Act III, scene [iii], page 237:

     In one word then, unless I could unfold the mystery, I will not wish you to consider me but as the last and lowest of mankind.

   • 1899, Richard Savage, The White Lady of Khaminavatka: A Story of the Ukraine, page 186:

     The whole community from the patrician master to the last beggar knew that in the five months when the generous bosom of the steppe throbbed with creative life, they must toil for the subsistence of all […]

   • 1970, Julius Fast, Body Language, →ISBN, page 39:

     Lesser, but still important executives had offices without corner windows. The rank below this had offices without windows at all. […] The last rank had desks out in an open room.

   • 2003 March 31, Marko Peljhan, “Lecture: March 31, 2003”, in Jen Budney, Adrian Blackwell, editors, Unboxed Engagements in Social Space, published 2005, →ISBN, page 110:

     Russia is a very different place than here. […] Even the last soldier knows who Malevich was, and what the Black Square is, since they were taught this in school.

同意語

• (final): rear, rearmost, caboose, dernier (dated), final, terminal, ultimate, lattermost; ("the last one"): at the end, on the tail end
• (most recent): latest, most recent

派生語

限定詞

last

1. The (one) immediately before the present.

   We went there last year.

   I was last to go; you're next.

2. (of days of the week or months of the year) Closest in the past, or closest but one if the closest was very recent; of days, sometimes thought to specifically refer to the instance closest to seven days (one week) ago, or the most recent instance before seven days (one week) ago.

   It's Wednesday, and the party was last Tuesday; that is, not yesterday, but eight days ago.

   When you say last Monday, do you mean the Monday just gone, or the one before that?

使用する際の注意点

• (both senses): This cannot be used in past or future tense to refer to a time immediately before the subject matter. For example, one does not say I was very tired yesterday, due to not having slept well last night: last night in that sentence refers to the night before the speaker is speaking, not the night before the "yesterday" to which he refers. He would need to say I was very tired yesterday, due to not having slept well the night before or the like.

副詞

last (not comparable)

1. Most recently.

   When we last met, he was based in Toronto.

   • c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene v]:

     How long is't now since last yourself and I / Were in a mask?

2. (sequence) after everything else; finally

   As I arrived last of all, I'll go last to add the butter last.

   last but not least

   • 1717, William Congreve, Samuel Croxall, John Dryden, Laurence Eusden, John Ozell, “Book X”, in Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Fifteen Books. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

     Pleased with his idol, he commends, admires, / Adores; and, last, the thing adored desires.

同意語

• (after everything else): finally, lastly; see also Thesaurus:lastly

語源 2

From 中期英語 lasten, from 古期英語 lǣstan, from Proto-West Germanic *laistijan, from Proto-Germanic *laistijaną. Cognate with German leisten (“yield”).

動詞

last (third-person singular simple present lasts, present participle lasting, simple past and past participle lasted)

1. (intransitive) To endure, continue over time.

   Summer seems to last longer each year.

   They seem happy now, but that won't last long.

   • 1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], “Canto XLII”, in In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, page 65:

     And love will last as pure and whole
     ⁠As when he loved me here in Time,
     ⁠And at the spiritual prime
     Rewaken with the dawning soul.

   • 1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter I, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0016:

     Thus the red damask curtains which now shut out the fog-laden, drizzling atmosphere of the Marylebone Road, had cost a mere song, and yet they might have been warranted to last another thirty years. A great bargain also had been the excellent Axminster carpet which covered the floor; […].

   • 2023 November 15, Prof. Jim Wild, “This train was delayed because of bad weather in space”, in RAIL, number 996, page 30:

     One of the earliest (and biggest) space weather events on record occurred in September 1859, when a massive solar eruption crashed into the Earth's magnetosphere, triggering a geomagnetic storm that lasted for days.

2. (intransitive) To hold out, continue undefeated or entire.

   I don't know how much longer we can last without reinforcements.

3. (intransitive, slang, of a man) To purposefully refrain from orgasm
4. (transitive, obsolete) To perform, carry out.

同意語

• continue
• endure
• survive

反意語

• disintegrate
• dissipate
• fall apart
• wear out

派生語

関連する語

• everlasting
• lasting

語源 3

From 古期英語 lǣste, Proto-Germanic *laistiz. Compare Swedish läst, German Leisten Dutch leest, Proto-Germanic *laistaz (“footprint”).

名詞

last (plural lasts)

1. A tool for shaping or preserving the shape of shoes.
   • 2006, Newman, Cathy, Every Shoe Tells a Story, National Geographic (September, 2006), 83,

     How is an in-your-face black leather thigh-high lace-up boot with a four-inch spike heel like a man's black calf lace-up oxford? They are both made on a last, the wood or plastic foot-shaped form that leather is stretched over and shaped to make a shoe.

派生語

• cobbler, keep to your last
• stick to one's last

動詞

last (third-person singular simple present lasts, present participle lasting, simple past and past participle lasted)

1. To shape with a last; to fasten or fit to a last; to place smoothly on a last.

   to last a boot

語源 4

From 中期英語 last, from 古期英語 hlæst (“burden, load, freight”), from Proto-Germanic *hlastuz (“burden, load, freight”), from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂- (“to put, lay out”). Cognate with West Frisian lêst, Dutch last, German Last, Swedish last, Icelandic lest.

名詞

last (plural lasts or lasten)

1. (obsolete) A burden; load; a cargo; freight.
2. (obsolete) A measure of weight or quantity, varying in designation depending on the goods concerned.
   • 1624, John Smith, Generall Historie, Kupperman, published 1988, page 114:

     Now we so quietly followed our businesse, that in three moneths wee made three or foure Last of Tarre, Pitch, and Sope ashes [...].

   • 1866, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 1, page 169:

     The last of wool is twelve sacks.

3. (obsolete) An old English (and Dutch) measure of the carrying capacity of a ship, equal to two tons.
   • 1942 (1601), T D Mutch, The First Discovery of Australia, page 14,

     The tonnage of the Duyfken of Harmensz's fleet is given as 25 and 30 lasten.

4. A load of some commodity with reference to its weight and commercial value.

派生語

• belast
• ballast

Further reading

• “last”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• last (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• last on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

アナグラム

• Alts, LTAs, SALT, Salt, TLAs, alts, lats, salt, slat

発音

• IPA: /lɑːst/

名詞

lāst m (nominative plural lāstas)

1. footstep, track
   • 10th century, The Wanderer:

     Stondeð nū on lāste · lēofre duguþe
     weal wundrum hēah, · wyrmlīcum fāh.

     Now a wall stands in the track of dear band,
     wondrously high, with worm-forms adorned.

語形変化

Strong a-stem:

派生語

• feorhlāst (“trail of blood”)
• wræclāst (“path of exile”)

関連する語

• lǣstan
• lastword

接尾辞

-last

1. second-person singular present indicative of -lian