coldとは

意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English cold, from 古期英語, specifically Anglian cald. The West Saxon form, ċeald (“cold”), survived as early Middle English cheald, cheld, or chald.^[1] Both descended from Proto-Germanic *kaldaz, a participle form of *kalaną (“to be cold”), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”). Cognate with Scots cald, cauld (“cold”), Saterland Frisian koold (“cold”), West Frisian kâld (“cold”), Dutch koud (“cold”), Low German kold, koolt, koold (“cold”), German kalt (“cold”), Danish kold (“cold”), Norwegian kald (“cold”), Swedish kall (“cold”).

形容詞

cold (comparative colder, superlative coldest)

1. (of a thing) Having a low temperature.

   A cold wind whistled through the trees.

   • 1843 December 19, Charles Dickens, “Stave Four. The Last of the Spirits.”, in A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, London: Chapman & Hall, […], OCLC 55746801, page 137:

     Oh cold, cold, rigid, dreadful Death, set up thine altar here, and dress it with such terrors as thou hast at thy command: for this is thy dominion!

   • 1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter V, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, OCLC 1227855:

     I had always supposed that playboys didn't give a hoot for anything except blondes and cold bottles.

2. (of the weather) Causing the air to be cold.

   The forecast is that it will be very cold today.

3. (of a person または animal) Feeling the sensation of coldness, especially to the point of discomfort.

   She was so cold she was shivering.

4. Unfriendly, emotionally distant or unfeeling.

   She shot me a cold glance before turning her back.

   • 2011 April 23, Doctor Who, series 6, episode 1, The Impossible Astronaut:

     RIVER SONG (upon seeing the still-living DOCTOR, moments after he made her かつ two other friends watch what they thought was his death): This is cold. Even by your standards, this is cold.

   • 1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter VII, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, OCLC 1227855:

     “Suppose someone pops in?” “Don't be silly. Mrs Cream is working on her book. Phyllis is in her room, typing Upjohn's speech. Wilbert's gone for a walk. Upjohn isn't here. The only character who could pop in would be the Brinkley Court ghost. If it does, give it a cold look and walk through it. That'll teach it not to come butting in where it isn't wanted, ha ha.”

5. Dispassionate, not prejudiced or partisan, impartial.

   Let's look at this tomorrow with a cold head.

   He's a nice guy, but the cold facts say we should fire him.

   The cold truth is that states rarely undertake military action unless their national interests are at stake.

6. Completely unprepared; without introduction.

   He was assigned cold calls for the first three months.

7. Unconscious or deeply asleep; deprived of the metaphorical heat associated with life or consciousness.

   I knocked him out cold.

   After one more beer he passed out cold.

8. (usually with "have" または "know" transitively) Perfectly, exactly, completely; by heart.

   Practice your music scales until you know them cold.

   Try both these maneuvers until you have them cold and can do them in the dark without thinking.

   Rehearse your lines until you have them down cold.

   Keep that list in front of you, or memorize it cold.

9. (usually with "have" transitively) Cornered, done for.

   With that receipt, we have them cold for fraud.

   Criminal interrogation. Initially they will dream up explanations faster than you could ever do so, but when they become fatigued, often they will acknowledge that you have them cold.

   • 1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter XIX, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, OCLC 1227855:

     “Either Upjohn agrees to drop that libel suit or he doesn't get these notes, as he calls them, and without them he won't be able to utter a word. He'll have to come across with the price of the papers. Won't he, Jeeves?” “He would appear to have no alternative, miss.” “Unless he wants to get up on that platform and stand there opening and shutting his mouth like a goldfish. We've got him cold.”

10. (obsolete) Not pungent or acrid.
    • 1631, [Francis Bacon], “(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], 3rd edition, London: […] VVilliam Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], OCLC 1044372886:

      cold plants

11. (obsolete) Unexciting; dull; uninteresting.
    • 1641, Ben Jonson, Discoveries Made upon Men and Matter

      What a deal of cold business doth a man misspend the better part of life in!

    • 1705 (revised 1718), Joseph Addison, Remarks on Several Parts of Italy

      The jest grows cold […] when it comes on in a second scene.

12. Affecting the sense of smell (as of hunting dogs) only feebly; having lost its odour.

    a cold scent

13. (obsolete) Not sensitive; not acute.
    • c. 1610–1611, William Shakespeare, “The VVinters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act II, scene i]:

      Smell this business with a sense as cold / As is a dead man's nose.

14. Distant; said, in the game of hunting for some object, of a seeker remote from the thing concealed. Compare warm and hot.

    You're cold … getting warmer … hot! You've found it!

15. (painting) Having a bluish effect; not warm in colour.
16. (databases) Rarely used or accessed, and thus able to be relegated to slower storage.
17. (informal) Without compassion; heartless; ruthless

    I can't believe she said that...that was cold!

18. (informal) Not radioactive. [from the 20^thc.]
    • 1953, Philip K. Dick, "That's right," Jackson said. "The Old Man will be pleased to welcome you." There was eagerness in his reedy voice. "What do you say? We'll take care of you. Feed you, bring you cold plants and animals. For a week maybe?"”, in Planet for Transients, a short story published in Fantastic Universe magazine: Oct-Nov 1953. Page 64

同意語

• (of a thing, having a low temperature): chilled, chilly, freezing, frigid, glacial, icy, cool
• (of the weather): (英国用法, スラング) brass monkeys, nippy, parky, taters
• (of a person または animal):
• (unfriendly): aloof, distant, hostile, standoffish, unfriendly, unwelcoming
• (unprepared): unprepared, unready
• See also Thesaurus:cold

反意語

• (having a low temperature): baking, boiling, heated, hot, scorching, searing, torrid, warm
• (of the weather): hot (See the corresponding synonyms of hot.)
• (of a person または animal): hot (See the corresponding synonyms of hot.)
• (unfriendly): amiable, friendly, welcoming
• (unprepared): prepared, primed, ready
• (not radioactive): hot, radioactive

派生語

語源 2

From Middle English cold, colde, from 古期英語 cald, ċeald (“cold, coldness”), from Proto-Germanic *kaldą (“coldness”), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”). Compare Saterland Frisian Keelde (“cold”), West Frisian kjeld (“cold”), Dutch koude (“cold”), German Low German Kolle, Koll (“cold”), German Kälte (“cold”), Danish kulde (“cold”), Swedish köld (“cold”), Norwegian kulde (“cold”), Icelandic kulda (“cold”).

名詞

cold (複数形 colds)

1. A condition of low temperature.

   Come in, out of the cold.

2. (with 'the', figuratively) A harsh place; a place of abandonment.

   The former politician was left out in the cold after his friends deserted him.

3. (medicine) A common, usually harmless, viral illness, usually with congestion of the nasal passages and sometimes fever.

   I caught a miserable cold and had to stay home for a week

4. (slang) rheum, sleepy dust
   • 1994, Notorious B.I.G., Warning

     Who the fuck is this, pagin' me at 5:46 in the morning? / crack of dawn and now I'm yawnin' / wipe the cold out my eye, see who's this pagin' me and why

   • 1996, Ghostface Killah, All That I Got Is You

     But I remember this, moms would lick her finger tips / to wipe the cold out my eye before school with her spit

同意語

• (low temperature): coldness
• (illness): common cold, coryza, head cold, pose

派生語

等位語

• freeze, frost

語源 3

From Middle English colde, from 古期英語 calde, ċealde (“coldly”), from the adjective (see above).

副詞

cold (comparative more cold, superlative most cold)

1. While at low temperature.

   The steel was processed cold.

2. Without preparation.

   The speaker went in cold and floundered for a topic.

3. With finality.

   I knocked him out cold.

4. (slang, informal, dated) In a cold, frank, or realistically honest manner.
   • 1986, Run-DMC, Peter Piper.

     Now Little Bo Peep cold lost her sheep / And Rip van Winkle fell the hell asleep

参照