graveとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English grave, grafe, from 古期英語 græf, grafu (“cave, grave, trench”), from Proto-West Germanic *grab, from Proto-Germanic *grabą, *grabō (“grave, trench, ditch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ- (“to dig, scratch, scrape”).

Cognate with West Frisian grêf (“grave”), Dutch graf (“grave”), Low German Graf (“a grave”), Graff, German Grab (“grave”), Danish, Swedish and Norwegian grav (“grave”), Icelandic gröf (“grave”). Related to groove.

名詞

grave (複数形 graves)

1. An excavation in the earth as a place of burial
   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, John 11:17:

     He had lain in the grave four days.

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 31:17:

     Let mee not be ashamed, O Lord, for I haue called vpon thee: let the wicked be ashamed, and let them be silent in the graue.

   • 1856, Gustave Flaubert, translated by Eleanor Marx-Aveling, Madame Bovary, Part III, Chapter X:

     They reached the cemetery. The men went right down to a place in the grass where a grave was dug. They ranged themselves all round; and while the priest spoke, the red soil thrown up at the sides kept noiselessly slipping down at the corners.

2. Any place of interment; a tomb; a sepulcher.
3. (by extension) Death, destruction.
   • a. 1769, unknown, The Cuckoo‎^[1], lines 9–12:

     […] Meeting is pleasure, parting is a grief; / An inconstant lover is worse than a thief; / A thief can but rob you, and take all you have, / An inconstant lover will bring you to the grave! […]

   • 1973, “Breathe”, in Roger Waters (lyrics), David Gilmour and Richard Wright (music), The Dark Side of the Moon, performed by Pink Floyd:

     […] balanced on the biggest wave you race towards an early grave.

4. (by extension) Deceased people; the dead.
   • 1925 July – 1926 May, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “(please specify the chapter number)”, in The Land of Mist (eBook no. 0601351h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, published April 2019:

     "Hold your jaw, woman! I've had enough to vex me to-day without you startin' your tantrums. You're jealous of the grave. That's wot's the matter with you." "And her brats can insult me as they like - me that 'as cared for you these five years."

派生語

関連する語

• groove

参考

• grave (burial) on Wikipedia.

語源 2

From Middle English graven, from 古期英語 grafan (“to dig, dig up, grave, engrave, carve, chisel”), from Proto-Germanic *grabaną (“to dig”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ- (“to dig, scratch, scrape”). Cognate with Dutch graven (“to dig”), German graben (“to dig”), Danish grave (“to dig”), Swedish gräva (“to dig”), Icelandic grafa (“to dig”).

動詞

grave (三人称単数 現在形 graves, 現在分詞 graving, 過去形 graved, 過去分詞 graved または graven)

1. (transitive, obsolete) To dig.
   • 1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, vij:[16]]:

     He hath graven and digged up a pit.

2. (intransitive, obsolete) To carve or cut, as letters or figures, on some hard substance; to engrave.
   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 28:9:

     Thou shalt take two onyx stones, and grave on them the names of the children of Israel.

   • 1872, James De Mille, The Cryptogram‎^[2], HTML edition, The Gutenberg Project, published 2009:

     Deep lines were graven on her pale forehead, and on her wan, thin cheeks.

   • a. 1894, Robert Louis Stevenson, "Requiem"

     This be the verse you grave for me / "Here he lies where he longs to be"

   • 1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:

     'It may be so,' I answered; 'but if the loved one prove a broken reed to pierce us, or if the love be loved in vain - what then? Shall a man grave his sorrows upon a stone when he hath but need to write them on the water?'

3. (transitive, obsolete) To carve out or give shape to, by cutting with a chisel; to sculpture.

   to grave an image

   • c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye [...] [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book IV, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

     With gold, men may the herte grave.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

4. (intransitive, obsolete) To impress deeply (on the mind); to fix indelibly.
   • 1718, Mat[thew] Prior, “Solomon on the Vanity of the World. A Poem in Three Books.”, in Poems on Several Occasions, London: […] Jacob Tonson […], and John Barber […], →OCLC, (please specify the page):

     O! may they graven in thy heart remain.

5. (transitive, obsolete) To entomb; to bury.
   • 1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

     […] And lie full low, graved in the hollow ground.

6. (intransitive, obsolete) To write or delineate on hard substances, by means of incised lines; to practice engraving.

関連する語

• begrave
• engrave

語源 3

From Middle French grave, a learned borrowing from Latin gravis (“heavy, important”). Compare Old French greve (“terrible, dreadful”). Doublet of grief.

形容詞

grave (comparative graver, superlative gravest)

1. Characterised by a dignified sense of seriousness; not cheerful. [from 16th c.]

   Synonyms: sober, solemn, sombre, sedate, serious, staid

   • c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]:

     [Mercuti] Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man.

2. Low in pitch, tone etc. [from 17th c.]

   Antonym: acute

   • 1854, John Weeks Moore, Encyclopedia of Music:

     The thicker the cord or string, the more grave is the note or tone.

3. Serious, in a negative sense; important, formidable. [from 19th c.]

   Synonyms: serious, momentous, important

   • 2016 February 6, James Zogby, “Israel’s prickliness blocks the long quest for peace”, in The National‎^[3]:

     Israel’s behaviour is doing grave damage to the Palestinian people and to any hope for peace.

4. (phonology, dated, of a sound) Dull, produced in the middle or back of the mouth. (See Grave かつ acute on Wikipedia.)

   Coordinate term: acute

5. (obsolete) Influential, important; authoritative. [16th–18th c.]
   • 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 3, member 7:

     An illiterate fool sits in a mans seat; and the common people hold him learned, grave, and wise.

同意語

• weightsome, sweer

• (unsorted by sense): sage, demure, thoughtful, weighty

派生語

• grave as a judge

名詞

grave (複数形 graves)

1. A written accent used in French, Italian, and other languages. è is an e with a grave accent (`).

語源 4

Inherited from Middle English greyve. Doublet of graaf (borrowed from the Dutch cognate graaf (“count, earl”)) and graf (borrowed from the German cognate Graf (“count, earl”)).

名詞

grave (複数形 graves)

1. (historical) A count, prefect, or person holding office.

関連する語

• burgrave
• landgrave
• margrave
• palsgrave
• waldgrave

動詞

grave (三人称単数 現在形 graves, 現在分詞 graving, 過去形および過去分詞形 graved)

1. (transitive, obsolete, nautical) To clean, as a vessel's bottom, of barnacles, grass, etc., and pay it over with pitch — so called because graves or greaves was formerly used for this purpose.

関連する語

• graving dock

アナグラム

• Gaver

Latin

形容詞

grave

1. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular of gravis

参照

• "grave", in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• grave in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius かつ others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• "grave", in The Perseus Project (1999) Perseus Encyclopedia‎^[4]

接尾辞

-grave

1. (historical) Used to signify a local ruler or administrator.

派生語

アナグラム

• Gaver