surnameとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Middle English surname, a partial calque of Old French surnum, surnoun (“surname; nickname”) (whence Middle English surnoun), from Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen (“surname”), from super- (“over, above, beyond”) and nōmen (“name”).^[1].

発音

• (米国発音) enPR: sûrʹnām'; IPA^(key): /ˈsɝˌneɪm/
  • (英国発音) enPR: sûʹnām'; IPA^(key): /ˈsɜːˌneɪm/
  • 韻: -ɜː(ɹ)neɪm

名詞

surname (複数形 surnames)

1. (obsolete) Synonym of epithet, an additional name, particularly those derived from a birthplace, quality, or achievement.
   • 1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Acts j:[23]]:

     Barsabas (whose syrname was Iustus).

   • 1590, Richard Harvey, Plaine Percevall the peace-maker of England, Sweetly indeuoring with his blunt persuasions to botch vp a reconciliation between Mar-ton and Mar-tother, B3:

     My sirname is Peace-Maker, one that is but poorely regarded in England.

   • c. 1608–1609 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii], line 171:

     To his sur-name Coriolanus longs more pride
     Then pitty to our Prayers.

2. (obsolete) Synonym of nickname, an additional name given to a person, place, or thing, a byname.
   • 1638, Abraham Cowley, Davideis, IV:

     I have before declared that Baal was the Sun, and Baal Peor, a sirname, from a particular place of his worship.

3. The name a person shares with other members of that person's family, distinguished from that person's given name or names; a family name.

   James is my first name, and Smith is my surname.

   • 1605, William Camden, Remaines, I 32:

     In late yeeres Surnames have beene given for Christian names among vs, and no where else in Christendom.

   • 1876, E. A. Freeman, The History of the Norman Conquest, V xxv 563:

     The Norman Conquest...brought with it the novelty of family nomenclature, that is to say, the use of hereditary surnames.

4. (Classical studies) The cognomen of Roman names.
5. (Scotland, obsolete) A clan.
   • 1455 in J. D. Marwick, Charters of Edinburgh (1871), 79:

     The surnam and nerrest of blude to the said Williame.

使用する際の注意点

The term "surname" may be used to translate terms from non-English names which carry additional shades of meaning, most notably in the case of Roman cognomens. In fact, the nomen was the surname as the word is commonly understood today but the terms were first applied when surname was still used in the sense of "additional" or "added" name: the cognomen was added to the nomen to show the branch of the family involved. (The modern translation of a similar distinction in ancient Chinese names customarily uses ancestral name かつ clan name instead かつ typically speaks of surnames only once the two merged into a single かつ commonly-employed family name.)

Both surname and last name are extremely common in all dialects of English, the former being somewhat more preferred in the UK and the latter in the US. However, because of the cultural and gendered associations involved with both terms, the use of family name is increasingly preferred in multicultural contexts.

同意語

• (family name): See Thesaurus:surname

上位語

• name

下位語

• bride's name, maiden name (surname prior to marriage); patronym, patronymic (a surname specifically referencing one's father's given name); matronym, matronymic (a surname specifically referencing one's mother's given name)

等位語

• See given name; middle name; epithet, cognomen, nickname

動詞

surname (三人称単数 現在形 surnames, 現在分詞 surnaming, 過去形および過去分詞形 surnamed)

1. (transitive) To give a surname to.
2. (transitive) To call by a surname.
   • 1905, Howard Pyle, “The Story of Launcelot”, in The Story of the Champions of the Round Table‎^[1], New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, page 66:

     “Lord,” said Sir Launcelot, “I am hight Launcelot, and am surnamed ‘He of the Lake.’”

参考

• Wikipedia article on name changes
• Wiktionary appendix of surnames

参照

アナグラム

• Mansure, manures