penとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English pen, penne (“enclosure for animals”), from 古期英語 penn (“enclosure, fold, pen”), from Proto-Germanic *pennō, *pannijō (“pin, bolt, nail, tack”), from Proto-Indo-European *bend- (“pointed peg, nail, edge”). Related to pin.

Sense “prison” originally figurative extension to “enclosure for persons” (1845), later influenced by penitentiary (“prison”), being analyzed as an abbreviation (1884).^[1]

名詞

pen (複数形 pens)

1. An enclosure (enclosed area) used to contain domesticated animals, especially sheep or cattle.

   There are two steers in the third pen.

2. (slang) Penitentiary, i.e. a state or federal prison for convicted felons.

   They caught him with a stolen horse, and he wound up in the pen again.

3. (baseball) The bullpen.

   Two righties are up in the pen.

派生語

関連する語

• pin

語源 2

From Middle English pennen, from 古期英語 *pennian (“to close, lock, bolt”, attested in onpennian (“to open”)), derived from penn (see above). Akin to Low German pennen (“to secure a door with a bolt”).

動詞

pen (三人称単数 現在形 pens, 現在分詞 penning, 過去形および過去分詞形 penned または pent)

1. (transitive) To enclose in a pen.
   • 1667, John Milton, “Book IV”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     Watching where shepherds pen their flocks at eve.

派生語

• pen up
• pent
• pent-up

語源 3

From Middle English penne, from Anglo-Norman penne, from Old French penne, from Latin penna (“feather”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to rush, fly”) (from which petition). Proto-Indo-European base also root of *petra-, from which Ancient Greek πτερόν (pterón, “wing”) (whence pterodactyl), Sanskrit पत्रम् (patram, “wing, feather”), Old Church Slavonic перо (pero, “pen”), Old Norse fjǫðr, 古期英語 feðer (Modern English feather);^[1] note the /p/ → /f/ Germanic sound change.

Doublet of panne, penna, and pinna. See feather and πέτομαι (pétomai) for more.

名詞

pen (複数形 pens)

1. A tool, originally made from a feather but now usually a small tubular instrument, containing ink used to write or make marks.

   He took notes with a pen.

2. (figurative) A writer, or their style.

   He has a sharp pen.

   • 1655, Thomas Fuller, edited by James Nichols, The Church History of Britain, […], new edition, volumes (please specify |volume=I to III), London: […] [James Nichols] for Thomas Tegg and Son, […], published 1837, →OCLC:

     those learned pens

3. (colloquial) Marks of ink left by a pen.

   He's unhappy because he got pen on his new shirt.

4. A light pen.
5. (zoology) The internal cartilage skeleton of a squid, shaped like a pen.
   • 2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, →ISBN, page 117:

     A pen is nothing more complex than a decalcified shell, so one mutation of the genes that controlled calcification could be all it took.

6. (now rare, poetic, dialectal) A feather, especially one of the flight feathers of a bird, angel etc.
   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “(please specify the book)”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

     And eke the pennes, that did his pineons bynd,
     Were like mayne-yards, with flying canuas lynd,
     With which whenas him liſt the ayre to beat […]

7. (poetic) A wing.
   • 1667, John Milton, “(please specify the book number)”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     but feather'd soon and fledge
     They summed their pens, and soaring the air sublime

派生語

動詞

pen (三人称単数 現在形 pens, 現在分詞 penning, 過去形および過去分詞形 penned)

1. (transitive) To write (an article, a book, etc.).
   • 2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Nonuel:

     Prying open the crate, you discover a carefully wrapped, handwritten copy of one of Matriarch Dilinaga's treatises. It is unlikely she penned it herself, but the flowing brushwork and intricate watercolor illustrations clearly show the hand of a master scribe.

   • 2021 February 9, Christina Newland, “Is Tom Hanks part of a dying breed of genuine movie stars?”, in BBC‎^[1]:

     His two most recent films are last year's Greyhound, a Hanks-penned World War Two thriller in which he plays a naval commander, and now News of the World, a Western set in the years immediately following the close of the US Civil War, directed by Paul Greengrass, which is premiering around the world on Netflix tomorrow.

   • 2021 December 29, Conrad Landin, “Glasgow Subway: a city institution”, in RAIL, number 947, page 45:

     It was in this era, too, that author and Scotland the Brave songwriter Cliff Hanley penned The Glasgow Underground, a tongue-in-cheek love letter to the Subway in song.

語源 4

Origin uncertain. Compare hen.

名詞

pen (複数形 pens)

1. A female swan.

同意語

• swaness (まれに)

語源 5

Clipping of penalty.

名詞

pen (複数形 pens)

1. (soccer, slang) Penalty.

語源 6

By incorrect analogy with man → men.

名詞

pen (uncountable)

1. (humorous) plural of pan

参考

• pen test (etymologically unrelated, as "pen" refers to penetration)

参照

アナグラム

• NEP, Nep, PNe, nep