speedとは

意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English spede (“prosperity, good luck, quickness, success”), from 古期英語 spēd (“luck, prosperity, success”), from Proto-West Germanic *spōdi (“prosperity, success”), from Proto-West Germanic *spōan, Proto-Germanic *spōaną (“to prosper, succeed, be happy”), from Proto-Indo-European *speh₁- (“to prosper, turn out well”). Cognate with Scots spede, speid (“success, quickness, speed”), Dutch spoed (“haste; speed”), German Low German Spood (“haste; speed; eagerness; success”), German Sput (“progress, acceleration, haste”). Related also to 古期英語 spōwan (“to be successful, succeed”), Albanian shpejt (“to speed, to hurry”) and Russian спеши́ть (spešítʹ, “to hurry”), Latin spēs (“hope, expectation”), spērō (“hope”, verb), perhaps also to Ancient Greek σπεύδω (speúdō, “to urge on, hasten, press on”).

名詞

speed (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 speeds)

1. The state of moving quickly or the capacity for rapid motion; rapidity.

   How does Usain Bolt run at that speed?

2. The rate of motion or action, specifically (mathematics)/(physics) the magnitude of the velocity; the rate distance is traversed in a given time.

   Speed limits provide information to the drivers about the safe speed to travel in average conditions.

3. (photography) The sensitivity to light of film, plates or sensor.
4. (photography) The duration of exposure, the time during which a camera shutter is open (shutter speed).
5. (photography) The largest size of the lens opening at which a lens can be used.
6. (photography) The ratio of the focal length to the diameter of a photographic objective.
7. (slang, uncountable) Amphetamine or any amphetamine-based drug (especially methamphetamine) used as a stimulant, especially illegally.
8. (archaic) Luck, success, prosperity.
   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, Genesis 24:12:

     O Lord God of my master Abraham, I pray thee, send me good speed this day.

9. (slang) Personal preference.

   We could go to the shore next week, or somewhere else if that's not your speed.

10. (finance, uncountable) A third-order measure of derivative price sensitivity, expressed as the rate of change of gamma with respect to changes in the underlying asset price.

同意語

• celerity
• velocity
• (measure of derivative price sensitivity): DgammaDspot, gamma of the gamma

上位語

• (measure of derivative price sensitivity): Greeks (includes list of coordinate terms)

下位語

• lightspeed
• speed of light
• speed of sound

派生語

関連する語

参考

Units for measuring speed: metres/meters per second, m/s, kilometres/kilometers per hour, km/h (metric); knot, kt, kn (航海); feet per second, ft/s, ft/sec and fps, miles per hour, mph (imperial かつ U.S. customary); mach (aeronautical)

語源 2

From Middle English speden, from 古期英語 spēdan (“to speed, prosper, succeed, have success”), from Proto-West Germanic *spōdijan (“to succeed”). Cognate with Scots spede, speid (“to meet with success, assist, promote, accomplish, speed”), Dutch spoeden (“to hurry, rush”), Low German spoden, spöden (“to hasten, speed”), German sputen, spuden (“to speed”).

動詞

speed (third-person singular simple present speeds, present participle speeding, simple past and past participle sped or (主に英国用法) speeded)

1. (intransitive, archaic) To succeed; to prosper, be lucky.
   • 1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter 1, in Le Morte Darthur, book I:

     And yf I maye fynde suche a knyghte that hath all these vertues / he may drawe oute this swerd oute of the shethe / for I haue ben at kyng Ryons / it was told me ther were passyng good knyghtes / and he and alle his knyghtes haue assayed it and none can spede

   • 1596-97, William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, Act V, Scene i^[1]:

     We have been praying for our husbands' healths,

     Which speed, we hope, the better for our words.

     Are they returned?

   • 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, OCLC 54573970, partition I, section 2, member 4, subsection vii:

     Aristotle must find out the motion of Euripus; Pliny must needs see Vesuvius; but how sped they? One loseth goods, another his life.

   • 18^thc., Oliver Goldsmith, Introductory to Switzerland

     At night returning, every labor sped, / He sits him down the monarch of a shed: / Smiles by his cheerful fire, and round surveys, / His children’s looks, that brighten at the blaze;

2. (transitive, archaic) To help someone, to give them fortune; to aid or favour.

   God speed, until we meet again.

   • c. 1610–1611, William Shakespeare, “The VVinters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act IV, scene iv]:

     Fortune speed us! So we set forth to sea

   • 1697, “(please specify the book number)”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], OCLC 403869432:

     with rising gales that sped their happy flight

3. (intransitive) To go fast.

   The Ferrari was speeding along the road.

   • c. 1596–1599, William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act IV, scene ii]:

     I have speeded hither with the very extremest inch of possibility.

   • 1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 10, in The China Governess‎^[2]:

     With a little manœuvring they contrived to meet on the doorstep which was […] in a boiling stream of passers-by, hurrying business people speeding past in a flurry of fumes and dust in the bright haze.

4. (intransitive) To exceed the speed limit.

   Why do you speed when the road is so icy?

5. (transitive) To increase the rate at which something occurs.
   • 1982, Carole Offir & Carole Wade, Human sexuality, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p.454:

     It is possible that the uterine contractions speed the sperm along.

   • 2004, James M. Cypher & James L. Dietz, The process of economic development, Routledge, p.359:

     Such interventions can help to speed the process of reducing CBRs and help countries pass through the demographic transition threshold more quickly […].

6. (intransitive, slang) To be under the influence of stimulant drugs, especially amphetamines.
   • 1972, Lou Reed (lyrics かつ music), “Walk on the Wild Side”, in Transformer:

     Jackie is just speeding away / Thought she was James Dean for a day

   • 2008, Christos Tsiolkas, The Slap, Allen and Unwin, p.46:

     If Hector had not been speeding, it was possible that his next thought would have hurt: he loves his uncle unconditionally, in a way he will never love me.

7. (obsolete) To be expedient.
8. (archaic) To hurry to destruction; to put an end to; to ruin.
   • c. 1590–1592, William Shakespeare, “The Taming of the Shrew”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act III, scene ii]:

     infected with the fashions, full of wingdalls, sped with spavins, rayed with yellows

   • 1735, [Alexander] Pope, An Epistle from Mr. Pope, to Dr. Arbuthnot, London; Dublin: Re-printed by George Faulkner, bookseller, […], OCLC 6363280:

     A dire dilemma! either way I'm sped. / If foes, they write, if friends, they read, me dead.

9. (archaic) To wish success or good fortune to, in any undertaking, especially in setting out upon a journey.
   • 1726, Homer; [Alexander Pope], transl., “Book XV”, in The Odyssey of Homer. […], volume IV, London: Printed for Bernard Lintot, OCLC 8736646:

     Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest.

10. To cause to make haste; to dispatch with celerity; to drive at full speed; hence, to hasten; to hurry.
    • 1600, [Torquato Tasso], “(please specify |book=1 to 20)”, in Edward Fairefax [i.e., Edward Fairfax], transl., Godfrey of Bulloigne, or The Recouerie of Ierusalem. […], London: […] Ar[nold] Hatfield, for I[saac] Iaggard and M[atthew] Lownes, OCLC 940138160:

      He sped him thence, home to his habitation.

11. To hasten to a conclusion; to expedite.
    • 1726, John Ayliffe, Parergon juris canonici Anglicani

      Judicial acts […] are sped in open court at the instance of one or both of the parties.

使用する際の注意点

• The Cambridge Guide to English Usage indicates that sped is for objects in motion (the race car sped) while speeded is used for activities or processes, but notes that the British English convention does not hold in American English.
• Garner's Modern American Usage (2009) indicates that speeded is incorrect, except in the phrasal verb, speed up. Most American usage of speeded conforms to this.
• Sped is about six times more common in American English (COCA) than speeded. Sped is twice as common in UK English (BNC).

引用

• For quotations using this term, see Citations:speed.

派生語

• speed up
• Godspeed